GENERAL REMARKS UPON THE LECANIXJE. 61 



is seven-sided ; it is truncate anteriorly and pointed posteriorly. From 

 each angle radiates a suture to the lateral edge, thus forming seven 

 lateral plates, of which a single one is above the head, while above the 

 anus is the suture between two. Through this suture projects the anal 

 spur. Each plate has a dark brown patch in its center, and in the cen- 

 ter of each brown patch is a bit of the white secretion. 



" Habitat and Food plants. Found at Jacksonville and in Volnsia 

 County, Florida, on orange, quince, and on a species of Eupatorium, 

 often in company with with C. Floridensis, although it was by no means 

 so common a species." 



GENERAL REMARKS UPON THE LECANINJE. 



Extent of Injuries. The Bark-liceof this group arc less injurious to trees 

 and woody plants than their hard-shelled relations, the Diaspinre. Of 

 the five species of Lecanina3 which Lave been known to attack citrus 

 plants, the widely distributed Lecaniuui hesperidum (Linn.) is most com- 

 mon in Florida, and is generally recognized and somewhat feared by 

 orange-growers. It is known to occur also in the orange districts of Cali- 

 fornia, where, however, it does not appear to be destructive. The deci- 

 mation which this unprotected scale suffers through the attacks of para- 

 sites and enemies, and the consequent short life of its colonies, effect- 

 ively limits its destructive powers. Very frequently the orange-grower 

 will become aware of its presence only to iind it in its decadence and the 

 life of the colony virtually extinguished through the activity of his in- 

 visible friends. This fortunate condition will be sufl'ciently indicated 

 by the black color of the scales which are blasted by the presence of 

 parasites. 



Exten ivc invasions of Lccanium Jicftperidnm have never been known 

 to oc uir, in this country at least. The injuries which it intlicts in 

 orange groves arc; confined for the most part to nnrseiies or young 

 trees before they have become fully established. Upon older trees only 

 limited portions, and particularly shoots in process of hardening, are 

 usually found to be infested. Karely indeed does this hcale occupy 

 the entire top of a grown orange tree. Still more rarely is an entire 

 orchard overrun by it. 



The species of this group having soft bodies, which dry up and shrivel- 

 after death, become, loosened or washed by rains from their attachment 

 to the bark, and soon disappear from trees. They do not, as in the 1 

 case of the D;aspina3, remain and form a permanent coating upon the 

 baric, clogging its pores and exercising a balelul influence upon the 

 health of the trea long after life in the insects themselves has become 

 extinct. 



The Black Scale of California, Lccanium o/erc Bernard, is, as its name 

 indicates, an olive scale. In California, however, it is quite injurious 

 to the Orange and its kindred, and is said to be sprcadiug upon, decidu- 



