204 Instinct and Intelligence 



principal means which nature has employed in 

 giving existence to all her productions." 



Towards the middle of the last century biolo- 

 gists, working with improved lenses, advanced 

 beyond the knowledge (possessed by Tre- 

 viranus) of the structure and functions of the 

 cells which, either separately or collectively con- 

 stitute the bodies of living beings, and came to 

 recognise the fact, that however complicated the 

 conditions may be under which vital phenomena 

 become manifest, they may be split up into pro- 

 cesses which are identical in their nature with 

 those taking place in non-living matter. 



Sir Charles Lyell, in 1836, although declin- 

 ing to accept Lamarck's theories regarding the 

 descent of human beings from anthropoid 

 ancestors, held that new species originated 

 through the development of pre-existing 

 ones. 1 



Alfred R. Wallace, after spending four years 

 in South America and some eight years in the 

 Malay Archipelago in collecting specimens, 

 and studying the distribution of plants and 



1 The Coming of Evolution, by John W. Judd, C.B., LL.D., 

 F.R.S., p. 109, Vol. I. of the Cambridge Manuals of Science and 

 Literature. 



