Mind in A nimals. 371 



starting the hare and driving it toward the spot where his 

 accomplice lay concealed. I recall an instance where a 

 somewhat similar arrangement was made, only the two con- 

 tracting parties, instead of being two dogs, were a dog and 

 a hawk, the latter making use of his wings in driving the 

 prey out of the copse into the open ground. Innumerous 

 examples of such alliances are known, and in all of them 

 there is manifest the curious fact that two animals can 

 arrange a mode of cheating a third. One of the principal 

 stratagems used in war, that is the ambuscade, whereby the 

 enemy is induced to believe that danger is imminent in one 

 direction, when it really lies in the opposite and unsus- 

 pecting direction, is employed. No one would admit that a 

 general who contrived to draw the enemy into an ambus- 

 cade acted by instinct. The act would be construed as 

 proof of the possession of reasoning powers surpassing those 

 of the adversary. And if this be the case with the man, why 

 not with the dog, or with the raven or hawk, when the 

 deception is carried out by precisely the same line of rea- 

 soning? 



Beasts possess, in common with man, the sense of Humor. 

 This is developed in many ways. Generally it assumes the 

 phase of teasing or annoying others, and thus deriving 

 pleasure or amusement from their discomfort. Sometimes, 

 both with man and beast, it takes the form of bodily torture, 

 the struggles of the victim being highly amusing to the tor- 

 turer. Civilized man has now learned to regard the infliction 

 of pain upon a fellow as anything but an amusement, and 

 would rather suffer the agony than inflict it upon another. 

 But with the savage it is otherwise, for there is no entertain- 

 ment so fascinating as the infliction of bodily pain upon a 

 human being. Among our Indian tribes, torture is a solemn 

 usage of war, which every warrior expects for himself if capt- 

 ured, and which he is certain to inflict upon any prisoner 

 whom he may happen to take. The tortures which he inflicts 

 are absolutely fiendish, and yet a whole tribe will assemble 



