78 INTERNATIONAL LANGUAGE AND SCIENCE 



FORMATION OF WORDS. 



All words are composed of three elements, possessing an invariable form 

 and meaning : stems, affixes (prefixes and suffixes), and grammatical 

 terminations. 



Prefixes : 



- ge-, the two sexes united : ge-patri = parents. 



bo-, relation by marriage : bo-patro = father-in-law. 

 ex-, former, ex- : ex-oficero = ex-officer. 

 mal-, opposite, contrary : mal-bela = ugly.^ 

 > mis-, error, mistake : mis-komprenar = misunderstand. 

 mi-, half : mi-horo = half an hour. 

 re-, repetition : re-dicar = repeat', say again. 

 retro-, backwards : retro-sendar = return (send back"). 

 ne-, negation : ne-utila = useless (but mal-utila = harmful). 

 sen-, want of : sen- anna = unarmed. 



Suffixes : ^ ( 



** -in, female sex : frat-ino = sister. 



-id, descendant : Sem-ido = Semite. 



-estr, chief, director : urb-estro = mayor.' 



-an, member of : senat-ano = senator. 



-ism, system, doctrine : socialismo = socialism. 



-ist, profession, occupation : dent-isto = dentist. 

 -er, amateur : fotograf-ero = amateur photographer. 



-nl, person who is characterised by : kuras-ulo-= cuirassier. 



-aj, concrete thing, consisting of, or made of : lan-ajo = woollen goods. 

 -ur, product, result: pikt-uro = a picture. 



-ar, collection of a number of similar things : hom-aro = mankind. 



-il, instrument, tool : bros-ilo = brush. 



-ey, place for : kaval-eyo = stable; dorm-eyo = dormitory. 



> -uy, container, recipient : ink-uyo = inkpot. 



-yer, that which bears or carries : pom-yero = apple tree. 



-al, relating to : nacion-ala = national. 



-oz, full of, provided with : por-oza = porous. 



-atr, similar, like : spong-atra = sponge-like, spongy. 



-iv, that which can, active possibility : instrukt-iva = instructive. 

 **-em, addicted to: babil-ema = talkative, garrulous. 



-ebl, passive possibility, that which can be : vid-ebla = visible. 



-end, that which is to be, or must be : solv-enda = to be solved, 



requiring solution. 



-ind, worthy of being : respekt-inda = worthy of respect. 



-es, state of being : san-esar = to be well, whence the substantives 

 expressing state or quality, e.g., san-eso = health. 



-esk, to commence to do or to be : dorm-eskar = to fall asleep. 



-ig, to make or cause to do or to be : bel-igar = beautify ; dorm-igar = 

 to send to sleep. 



