II] OF COWS AND OXEN 187 



see that its members are young and fresh, and fitted 

 to give increase rather than incapable* of bearing; 

 that they are well put together, sound of limb, in 

 shape square and of great size, with blackish horns, 

 wide foreheads, big black eyes, and hairy ears; 

 they should have flattened jaws and be somewhat 

 snub-nosed; they must not be hump-backed" but 

 have a slightly concave spine'; the nostrils should 

 be well opened, the lips blackish, the neck thick 

 8 and long with hanging dewlap, body well ribbed 

 up, shoulders broad, buttocks * of good size with 

 a long tail reaching to the heels, and ending in 

 a tuft of slightly curly hair. The legs " should be 



' Expartae. The word occurs nowhere else. Scaliger de- 

 rives it from ex and partus^ and quotes certain ** old glosses " 

 which he had in his possession : exparta—partu vacua. The 



ading Victorius found in his MS. is ex parte. That found in 

 .11 editions before him is expertae which, pace Scaliger, seems 

 perfectly intelligible if taken closely with integrae. The pre- 

 ference is to be given to cows which have never had calves 

 {integrae ad, etc.) over those which have already had some ex- 

 perience (in bearing young). Keil follows Scaliger — wrongly, 

 1 think. 



' Ne gibherae. This is the /t^ Kvprdi; of the Geoponica. 

 KvpTOi )( KoTKoQ in the Mathematicians = convex )( concave. 



' Spina. Columella {/oc. cit.) hsmdorso recto planoque et sub- 

 idente. 



* Bonis clunibus. Columella [loc. cit.) has clunibus rotundis. 



* Cruribus potius. The Geoponica {loc. cit.) make the mean- 

 ing of this passage quite clear : 'Va aKkXt] dpOa^ rrrtpea Traxinipa 

 /loAXov Ti fiaKpoTipa, pt) Traparpifiofupa irpoQ aXXi^X«, iroiaQ kv Tip (iadi- 

 i«tv firf irXarwoftcvovc dyavj ftrjdi Xtj^f^C iutrraXfUvaQt roiiQ owxdg rf 

 Xtiovi cat 'njovg, ^vptrav liiatpTf Kal fit) ('nrf^vXojpivTjv. 



