It] OF ASSES 199 



at night, and are kept loosely tied with a halter, or 

 something of the kind. With the third year one 

 begins to break them to the work for which one 

 means to use them. 

 5 There now remains for discussion the number — 

 but of asses herds are not made, with the exception 

 of those which bear burdens, as they are mostly 

 drafted off to the mills or to work on the farms 

 when there is carting to be done, or even to the 

 plough where the soil is light, as in Campania. 

 What herds of asses there are generally belong to 

 traders, such as those who convey, by means of 

 pack-asses,^ oil, wine, corn, and the like, from the 

 country about Brundisium or Apulia to the sea 

 coast. 



* Asellis dossuariis. Cf. Velius Longus, 79, 4 : Sicetdossum 

 per duo S. The clitellae used in loading asses or mules were 

 perhaps a pair of paniers, though I can find very little evidence 

 for the fact. Festus {adverb.) has eae quibus sarcinae Con- 

 ligatae mulis portantur, and says that a part of the Via 

 Flaminia — descending, then ascending — was called Clitellae. 

 On Trajan's Column there is a picture of a mare with clitellae 

 loaded with amphoraey and I can find no resemblance to a 

 pair of paniers. These asini dossuarii were called in Greek 

 wot KavBi]Kioi, Cf. Scholiast or Arist., Vesp., 170, who quotes 

 Xenophon and Polybius. From the passage quoted from 

 Polybius it Is evident that the word Kuvdrjkia. means the pack- 

 saddle. 



