DISEASES OF HORSES AND CATTLE. 127 



vulva, and having the urine constantly dropping 

 from it. If it is not put back in its place, the urine 

 will excoriate the parts and they will swell to such 

 a degree that replacing is impossible, and it will 

 be better to destroy the animal. Before replacing 

 it bathe it for twenty minutes with acetate of lead 

 two drams, tincture of opium one ounce, water one 

 pint. Then press gently on its center with the fin- 

 gers and it will return easily. The animal should 

 get two drams of powdered opium in a pint of gruel 

 and should be watched, as it is liable to be pressed 

 out again. 



Calculi. — There is a tendency in some animals, 

 from a condition of the urine, to deposit solid ma- 

 terial in some part of the urinary organs. This 

 tendency cannot be accounted for. I have seen 

 a number of horses and cattle kept on the same 

 farm, getting the same food, water and care; one of 

 the lot becomes affected with a deposit, while the 

 rest remain exempt. We have no means, therefore, 

 of preventing it. It is said by some to be caused by 

 clover hay and water that contains too much lime, 

 but in my practice I have not seen any more cases 

 in those fed largely on clover or in those whose 

 drinking water was largely impregnated with lime. 

 So we will have to put it down to a peculiar condi- 

 tion of the body of the animal to form the sub- 

 stances necessary for the formation of calculi. 

 Gravel is the name given to this derangement when 

 the deposit is in small crystalline form like sand. 

 This form is oftenest seen in the mare. When it is 

 in a solid, hard body it is called a stone (calculus). 



