xii BIRDS OF PENNSYLVANIA. 



"CLIMATE. The climate of Pennsylvania is variable, and liable to sudden extremes, 

 having sometimes the heat of the Carolinas, and at others the cold of Canada, but in 

 periods generally of only three days, intermingled in summer with sharp winds 

 from the northwest, and mitigated in winter by the milder breezes from the south- 

 west Periods of warm weather sometimes occur in January and February. * * * 

 The mountainous region has a greater degree of cold, and the snows are deeper and 

 lie longer than in other portions. In the west the climate is milder and less vari- 

 able than in the east" 



" RIVERS, LAKES, ETC. The only lake of importance in this state is Lake Erie, 

 which forms its northwest boundary for about fifty miles. The Delaware, which 

 rises in the southeast part of New York, and flows southerly, separates New York 

 and New Jersey from Pennsylvania and Delaware, and empties into Delaware Bay. 

 It is navigable for large ships to Philadelphia, about ninety-six miles from the sea, 

 and for sloops and steamboats to Trenton, thirty miles further up. The Susque- 

 hanna, the largest river in the state, enters Pennsylvania from New York, and flow- 

 ing southerly for four hundred miles, crosses the entire state, dividing it into two 

 unequal portions, having the larger part on the west This river is not navigable, 

 except at high- water in the spring and autumn, when large quantities of timber are 

 floated down it in rafts. * * * Owing to its rapid descent to within a few miles of 

 the Chesapeake Bay, into which it flows, it is but little affected by the tides. Its 

 principal tributaries are the West Branch and Juniata from the west, and the Swatara 

 and Conestoga from the east Between the Susquehanna and Delaware are the 

 Lehigh and Schuylkill, affluents of the Delaware, and each about one hundred miles 

 in length. The Ohio, which is formed by the union of the Allegheny from the 

 north, and the Monongahela from the south, drains the western part of the state, 

 having about fifty miles of its course in Pennsylvania. It is navigable for large 

 steamboats to its head at Pittsburgh. The Allegheny is about three hundred and 

 the Monongahela two hundred miles in length, and both, at high-water, are navi- 

 gable, the former two hundred and the latter sixty miles, for small steamers. The 

 Youghiogheny, a branch of the Monongahela, and the Beaver, a branch of the Ohio, 

 are small rivers. Canals coast most of these rivers, except the Monongahela and 

 Youghiogheny, to a greater or less extent" LippincoWs Gazetteer. 



Lake Erie is the only lake of commercial importance, but there are nume- 

 rous small lakes in many parts of the state, especially in the counties 

 of Susquehanna, Wayne, Pike and Wyoming, where different kinds 

 of water fowl repair during- migrations. Although numerous species of 

 aquatic birds visit Conneaut Lake, in Crawford county, and Lake Pleasant, 

 in Erie county, they are found in greater numbers at Presque Isle Bay 

 (also called Erie Bay) than elsewhere in the state. 



In this present work the classification, nomenclature and geographical 

 limits correspond with the A. O. U. Check List of North American Birds,* 

 a publication representing the joint labors of a " Committee on Classifi- 

 sation and Nomenclature " appointed by the Union at its first congress, 

 held in New York city, September 26-29, 1883. This committee con- 

 sisting of such eminent naturalists as Dr. Elliott Coues, J. A. Allen, Bobert 

 Ridgway, William Brewster, and H. W. Henshaw. 



The Code of Nomenclature | and 1 Check List | of North American Birds. | Adopted by the American 

 Ornithologists' Union. | Being the Report of the Committee of the Union on Classification and Nomen- 

 clature. | (Motto.) | | New York : | American Ornithologists' Union. | 1880. [8 vo. pp. i-viii 1-392 



For sale by L. 8. Foster. No. 35 Pine street. New York city. Price $3.00. 



