212 Flowers and their Pedigrees, 



red pulp, inside which lies the stony real seed ; so 

 that a blackberry looks like a whole collection of tiny 

 separate fruits, run together into a single head. More- 

 over, there are other minor differences in the berries 

 themselves, even within the bramble group ; for while 

 the raspberry and cloudberry are red, to suit one set 

 of birds, the blackberry and dewberry are bluish black, 

 to suit another set ; and while the little grains hold 

 together as a cup in the raspberry, but separate from 

 the hull, they cling to the hull in the other kinds. 

 Nevertheless, in leaves, flower, and fruit there is a very 

 close fundamental agreement among all the bramble 

 kind and the potentillas. Thus we may say that the 

 brambles form a small minor branch of the rose family, 

 which has first acquired a woody habit and a succulent 

 fruit, and has then split up once more into several 

 smaller but closely allied groups, such as the black- 

 berries, the raspberries, the dewberries, and the stony 

 brambles. 



The true roses, represented in England by the 

 dog-rose and sweet-briar, show us a somewhat dif- 

 ferent development from the original type. They, too, 

 have grown into tall bushes, less scrambling and more 

 erect than the brambles. They have leaves of some- 

 what the same sort, and prickles which are similarly 

 produced by the hardening of sharp hairs upon the 



