GENERATION OF ANIMALS 



of the mean, nor of the closely allied doctrine of Kpdms, 

 except that it should be noted that great importance is 

 attached in the Hippocratic treatise it. apxairj^ Irjrpiicqs 

 to securing proper Kpdais for the ingredients of the food 

 we take and of the constituents of our bodies (the two 

 sets of substances being identical) ; and that in it. biai-njs 

 the Kpdais of Fire and Water in the Soul is responsible 

 for its health and sensitivity (c/. G.A. 744 a 30). Refer- 

 ences to the pertinent passages of the Hippocratic 

 treatises will be found in the notes ; see also P. A. 

 (Loeb ed.), pp. 37 f. It should also be noted that 

 Alcmeon of Crotona (Aetius v. 30; see Dieh, JJoxographi 

 442) held that health was the avfifieTpos twv itoiwv Kpdais 

 {rf. § 25). It is important to realize that some, at any 

 rate, of Aristotle's terminology was the common property 

 of scientific wTiters, 



^vX'i], " Soul " 



(41) The English word Soul, as will be seen, owing to its 

 associations is not entirely satisfactory as a rendering 

 of ipvxT^, but it is by far the most con\-fenient one, and I 

 have used it in preference to " life " or " vital principle " 

 (for which Aristotle employs other terms). 



(42) Animate bodies, bodies " with Soul in them " (eijjpvxa). Soul the 

 are " concrete entities " made up of Form and Slatter, ^°™ "^ 

 Soul being the Form and body the Matter ; indeed, ^^y- 

 Soul is the Form of the body. '{Cf. G.A. 738 b 27, n., 



741 a 1.) Aristotle also describes this relationship by 

 saying that Soul is the " realization " (oTeAe'xeta, 

 " actuality ") of the animal body. Strictly speaking. 

 Soul is the " first realization " of an animal body, for an 

 animal can " have Soul in it " and yet be asleep ; its 

 active, waking life will be its " second realization." 

 Further, Aristotle tells us that Soul Ls the first realiza- 

 tion of a body furnished with organs. The importance 

 of this is clear : the body is for the sake of the Soul 

 (because the Soul is the Final Cause as well) ; and 

 hence {P. A. 687 a 8 ff.) Aristotle maintains that man 

 has hands because he is the most intelligent animal, not, 

 as some had said, the most intelligent animal because 

 he has hands. Soul is ^' prior " to body, and the body 

 is such as it is because that is the sort of body the Soiil 



