ARISTOTLE 



' requires in order to function. Indeed, the Soul cannot 



function without a body ; it cannot, we may say, exist 



(De anima 414 a 19). 



The (43) This will be clear if we distinguish the different parts or 



faculties " faculties " of Soul. They can be arranged in a 



of Sonl. definite order, so that the possession of any one of them 



implies the possession of all those which precede it in the 



list ; and it will be seen that all except the last of them 



obviously require a body for their functioning. 



(1) Nutritive and generative Soul," in all plants ; 



(2) sentient Soul, in all animals ; 



(3) appetitive Soul | .^ ^^^^ ^^.^^^^ 



(4) locomotive Soul ) 



(5) rational Soul, in man only. 

 Rational (44) It is the last faculty of Soul which stands out by itself. 



Soul. Aristotle feels that he cannot admit that Soul is wholly 



dependent upon body for its functioning ; there may, 

 he says, be some " part " of Soul which is not the 

 " realization " of any body, a " part " whose activities 

 have nothing whatever to do with any physical activities 

 {G.A. 736 b^28). This part, which is "rational Soul," 

 comes in over and above, from without {G.A . 736 b 25 fF.), 

 and continues to exist after the death of the body {De 

 anima 413 a 6, b 24 ff., 430 a 22, etc.. Met. A 1070 a 26). 

 The problems raised by this belief are, however, not 

 fully dealt with by Aristotle even in G.A., where he has 

 much to say about the development of Soul in the 

 embryo ; indeed, he nowhere offers any solution of 

 them. 

 Soul (45) So much then for the theoretical relationship of Soul 

 subsists in and body. What is their practical relationship ? How 



pnexvma. precisely does Soul function through the body ? The 



answer to these questions is one of the most striking 

 parts of all Aristotle's philosophical work. Soul, says 

 Aristotle, is not, as some have wrongly supposed. Fire 

 or any such stuff (Swa/iiis) ; it is better to say that it 

 " subsists in some such substance " as Fire (ev tomvtw 

 Tivl acufiari aweardvai), viz., in " hot substance " (to 

 depfjLov), which is the most serviceable of all substances 

 for the activities of Soul {P. A. 652 b 8) ; and elsewhere 

 {G.A. 736 b 30 ff. ; see App. B § 13) he is more explicit. 



" See also 744 b 33, n. 



Iviii 



