GENERATION OF ANIMALS 



This depfiov is no ordinary depfxov, but it is pneuma, a 

 substance " more divine " than Fire, Air, Water, or 

 Earth, and " analogous to " the fifth element, aither, 

 the element of the t'pper Cosmos. It is this pneuma, 

 and the substance {<f>vai.s} in the pneuma, which is the 

 vehicle of Soul, and it is pneuma which Soul uses as its 

 " instrument," through which it brings about kIvtjctis, 

 both in moving the full-grown body and in " moving " 

 i.e., developing the embryo. Here, then, we have 

 reached the heart of the business : pneuma is the last 

 physical term of the series : pneuma is the immediate 

 instrument of Soul, and it is through pneuma first of all 

 that Soul expresses itself. 



(46) It must not be supposed that this pneuma is the breath This 

 breathed in by the animal from outside ; Aristotle is v^ev.ma is 

 most explicit on this point, and he often describes this "connate. 

 pneuma as " connate " (o-v^i^utov). Owing to the 

 important place of 'Lv^i<j>vtov Iivfvp.a in Aristotle's bio- 

 logy, I have provided a full account of its nature and 

 functions in Appendix B." 



KtV//(ris 



(47) KivTjffts is a term of wider range than the English " move- Meaning. , 

 ment," though it is useful to retain " movement " as a 

 translation in order to preserve the line of Aristotle's 

 thought. Ki'iTjais is one department of /xcra^Aij (Change), 



of which there are three divisions : 



Two, which are changes affecting ovala : 



( 1 ) yiveais, change from the non-existent to the existent ; 



(2) ifSopd, change from the existent to the non-existent. 

 And one, which comprises changes affecting cate- 

 gories other than ovaia : 



(3) KivTjais, change in existing things. 



(48) Ki'iTjais has three subdivisions : Varieties ot 

 (a) as regards Quantity : Growth and diminution ; "move- 

 it) as regards Quality : " Alteration " (dAAoicoai?) ; ment." 



" See also G. L. Duprat, La theorie du TrveO/no chez Aristote, Archiv f. 

 Gesch. d. Phil. XII (1899), 305 ff., and W. \V. Jaeger. Das Pneuma im 

 Lykeion, Hermes, XLVIII (1913), 29 ff. ; the latter also gives a history of 

 the pnewma-doctrine. See also W. W. Jaeger, Diokles von Earystos 

 (1938) and J. I. Beare, Greek Theories of Elementary Cognition from 

 Alcmeon to Aristotle (1906). 



lix 



