ARISTOTLE 



vital) heat " resident there. Any living thing (anything 

 " with Soul in it ") possesses " natural heat," and the 

 chief seat of the Soul and the source of the vital heat is 

 the heart (or its analogue). But also, every part of the 

 body as well has its own natural heat (c/. 784 b 26 ff.), 

 derived from the heart through the blood : thus, the 

 stomach concocts the nourishment before passing it on 

 to the heart, and other parts may concoct it still further 

 when the heart has sent it on to them. Beside the 

 stomach, tlie liver and the spleen assist in the concoction 

 of the nourishment {P.A. 670 a 20 ff.). 

 Blood. (63) Having received its first stage of concoction in the 

 stomach, the nourishment passes on to the heart, where 

 as we should expect it undergoes the most important 

 stage of its concoction, and is thereby turned into blood, 

 the " ultimate nourishment " for the whole body {P.A. 

 647 b 5, rf. 666 a 8). It is probable that, in Aristotle's 

 " Pneuma- view, an important part of this process was the " pneuma- 



tization" of tization " of the blood (see App. B §§ 31, 32), i.e., the 



blood. charging of it with "EvfufivTov Ilvevfia and with the special 



" movement " requisite to enable it (a) to maintain 

 the " being " of the animal and (6) to supply its growth. 

 Two grades (64) These two functions of nourishment, and the consequent 

 of nourish- di.stinction of two grades of nourishment, which is made 



inent. ^^, Aristotle at 744 b 33 ff. (where see note ; and cf. list of 



passages in the Index), enable us also to distinguish the 

 different classes of residues. The first-grade nourish- 

 ment (a), which is described as " nutritive " and " semi- 

 nal," provides the whole animal and its parts with 

 " being " ; the second-grade (b) is described as " growth- 

 promoting," and causes increase of bulk. In the 

 development of the embryo, it is the leavings of the 

 fir-st-grade nourishment, or " nutritive residue," left 

 over after the " supreme parts "^flesh and the other 

 sense-organs — have been provided for, which are used 

 to form the bones and sinews ; the second-grade, 

 inferior, nourishment (which is taken in by way of 

 supplement from the mother or from outside) is used to 

 form nails, hair, horns, etc. The latter is more " earthy " 



715 b 24, n.). Indeed, the processes are regarded by Aristotle as being 

 fundamentally identical. (Cf. 743 a 31 ff.) It is also applied by him 

 to the " maturing " of the embryo (719 a 34). 



Ixiv 



