GENERATION OF ANIMALS 



which is avaXoyov to the element of the stars, alther 

 (736 b 37). 



(73) It should be noted that by " blood " Aristotle means red Blood, 

 blood only, and he makes a division of animals into 



" blooded " {evaifia) and " bloodless " (avaifia). These 

 two classes do not quite coincide with vertebrates and 

 invertebrates, for there are some invertebrates which 

 have red blood, e.g., molluscs {Planorbis), insect larvae 

 (Chironomvs), and worms (Arenicola). In other 

 invertebrates the blood may be blue (Crustacea and 

 most moUuscs) or green (Sabellid worms), or there may 

 be no respiratory pigment at all (most Insects). 



(74) The following table shows how Aristotle's division Blooded 

 works out : ^uLai 



Blooded animals Bloodless animals animmls. 



Man. Crustacea. 



Viviparous quadrupeds. Cephalopods. 



Oviparous quadrupeds and Insects, 



footless animals ( = rei>- Testacea. 



tiles and amphibians). 



Birds. 



Fishes. 

 It may be convenient to give here the Greek names used 

 by Aristotle for the four classes of Bloodless animals, 

 together with their literal translation and the terms 

 which I have used to translate them : 

 TO. fiaXoKooTpaKa soft-shelled animals Crustacea. 

 ra fuxXaKia softies Cephalopods. 



ra evTOfjLa insected animals Insects. 



TO. oarpoKohfptia shell-skinned animals Testacea." 



(75) The Testacea were a source of considerable embarrass- The 

 ment to Aristotle, who considered them to be inter- Testacea. 

 mediate between animals proper and plants. Nor, 

 according to him, did they reproduce sexually, but arose 



from spontaneous generation. In his treatise on the 

 Progression of Animals, he defers mention of them to 



■' In using " Testacea " to translate ri o<rTpaxoJepua (" the animals 

 with earthenware skins ") I use it in the old-fasliioned sense, so as to 

 include a number of shelled invertebrates, comprising Gasteropods, 

 Lamellibranchs, and some Echinoderms. Modem zoologists apply the 

 term Testacea to the Foraminifera, which are shelled Protozoa. The 

 term Ostracoderms (a transliteration of Aristotle's word) is now given 

 by zoologists to a group of primitive fossil fishes. 



Ixix 



