GENERATION OF ANIMALS, I. win. 



of Nature are originally formed." There are, how- 

 ever, numerous senses in which one thing is formed 

 or comes into being " from " another * : (1) as we say 

 " from day comes night," and " from boy comes 

 man," meaning that the one comes after the other ; 



(2) as a statue is formed from bronze, or a bedstead 

 from wood, and all those cases where we describe 

 things as being formed from some material ; here the 

 finished whole has been fashioned into a certain shape 

 from something which was there to begin ^\^th ; 



(3) as a person may become uncultured from being 

 cultured or ailing from healthy, i.e., all cases of 

 a contrary coming from its contrary ; (4) as in a 

 " cumulative " passage in Epicharmus '^ : e.g., from 

 slander comes abuse, from abuse a fight ; in all 

 these cases " from so-and-so " means that so-and-so 

 is the source of the movement,** and in some instances 



Ls also abundantly clear from the argument which immedi- 

 ately follows. 



* Cf. the similar discussion, with some of the same 

 examples, on the meaning of " from " in Met. 1023 a 26 ff. ; 

 also Phys. 190 a -2-2 ff. 



' Epicharmus of Sicily (Aristot. Poet. 1448 a 33) was the 

 chief Dorian comic poet. Aristotle may have in mind a 

 passage of his similar to that quoted by Athenaeus (ii. 36 c, d), 

 and Suidas, which G. Kaibel (Comicorum Graecorum Frag- 

 menta, I. i. p. 118) prints as follows, with the Doric vowels 

 restored and with the emendations of various scholars : 

 A. e'/c iikv dvaias Oolva, 

 eK 8c OoCvas 7T0(Ti?, eyefSTO. B. x^P^^^> '"? v' ^P'*'' (Soicei). 



A. (K be TToaios fuLKOS, eV yultKov S' eyeved' vavia, 

 eV 8 vavias (Si'/ca . . ., e'/c biKas Be KaraySiKa, 

 €K Se KaTahiKas vehai re kol a<f>aX6s kol L,afj.ia. 

 See also A. Lorenz (Leben u. Schriften des Koers Epicharmos, 

 p. 271). Cf. Aristot. Met. 1023 a 30, 1013 a 10, Rhet. 

 1365 a 16. 



** ».«., the " Efficient " or " Motive " Cause. 



73 



