APPENDIX A 



(5) In the " region about the centre," i.e., the Lower Cosmos Movement 

 or sublunary world, there is no circular movement at all '° the 



as such. The form in which movement is foimd here is p°''*^ 

 in the " movements," i.e., transformations of the four 

 sublunary " simple " bodies. Fire, Air, Water, Earth, and 

 in the " movements " of living creatures, animals and 

 plants, viz., yeveais and tf>dopd, " alteration," growth and 

 diminution." *' Movement " is mediated to the things 

 in the Lower Cosmos through the heavenly bodies, chiefly 

 the Sun, as is stated at the end of G.A. IV. 



(6) Meteor. I. 339 a 38. We should regard Fire, Earth, etc.. The 



. as the " material " causes of phenomena in the sublunary "Causes 

 world ; but the cause in the sense of the origin of move- t^e Lower" 

 ment (the " motive " cause) is to be found in the dynamis Cosmos, 

 of the eternally moving bodies.* 



(7) Ibid. 340 b, 341 a. The " first element " {alias the The 



" fifth element," viz., aither ; see 737 a 1, n.) and the heavenly 

 bodies in it revolve in a circle, and as they do so, that ^^v**^ ' 

 portion of the Lower Cosmos which is next to the aither 

 gets inflamed and produces heat. Thus, although not 

 made of Fire, and although not themselves hot, the 

 heavenly bodies produce heat by their mere movement. 

 Aristotle explains this more fully at De caelo II. 2S9 a 29, 

 when he says that the heat and light which proceed from 

 them are produced by the friction set up in the Air by 

 their (f)opd {cf. § 9 Jin. below). The Sun, which is con- 

 sidered to be the hottest of them all, is really white 

 (XevKos), not fiery in colour. The Sun's tj>opd is sufficient 

 to produce warmth and heat : it is fast enough and near 

 enough, whereas the (JMpd of the stars though fast is 

 distant, and the Moon's though near is slow (cf. De caelo 

 IL 289 a 20-34). 



(8) Ibid. 346 b, 359 b. Rain and winds are explained as Rain and 

 being caused by the Sun's approaching and receding in winds, 

 its (l>opd. When it approaches it draws up the moist 

 exhalation ; when it retires this vapour cools and congeals 



again into water ; hence there is more rain during winter 

 and during the night. It also draws up the dry exhala- 

 tion, and this is the substance which makes the winds. 



(9) It is pointed out in De caelo II. 286 b 2 that in order to Function 



of the other 

 « See Introd. §§ 47 ff., ict'i^o-cs. 

 * Quoted in Greek at 777 b 31, n. 



569 



