APPENDIX A 



yeveais should be continually going on (to yiveadai det 

 rT]v yeveaiv) ; and the cause of this is the circular <f>opd ; 

 for this is the only continuous form of movement. Hence 

 also the things which get transformed into each other 

 (viz., the " simple bodies," such as Water, Air, Fire) 

 imitate the circular ^opa : Water is transformed into 

 Air, Air into Fire, Fire into Water, and we say that 

 their yheais has come i-ound a full " circle." (So, too, 

 rectilinear (f>opd is continuous in virtue of its imitating 

 circular <f>opa..) And this also provides a solution of the 

 problem, Why is it that the " simple bodies," in spite 

 of their natural tendency to make each for its own 

 proper place in the vmiverse, have not during the enor- 

 mous stretches of time which have passed become 

 separated out each into its own proper place, into con- 

 centric layers (see § 2) ? The reason is that they are 

 continually lieing transformed to and fro one into the 

 other, and the cause of their transformations is the <f>opd 

 — i.e., the double <f>opd. 

 Measure- (13) Phys. IV. 219 b 3 ff. We cognize movement by means 



ment of of some body which is in movement ; so too we cognize 



''"'''" ' ^opd by means of some body which is 4>€p6p.evov : that 



ment of ^^ ^^^^^ ^'^ cognize the " before-and-after " factor in 



time. movement, for it is the " now " {I.e., the moment at 



which the body is observed to be at some particular 

 point in its course) which is " most cognizable." And 

 just as (l>opd and the (jjepofievov are thus closely allied, so 

 too are the dpidp.6s " of the (j)opd and the dpi9fi6s of the 

 (f>€p6iJ.evov. Now time is the dpidftos of the (f>opd. We 

 see then that time is not movement, but it is " the aspect 

 of movement whereby movement has an dpi9/xo?," i.e., 

 the aspect of movement whereby movement can be 

 numerated or counted (^ dpidp.6v exei -fj Kivrjacs) : time 

 is that wiiich is counted, not that by which we count 

 (to dpidixovp-evov, not a! dpidpiOvp.ev) ; time is an dpi6p.6s 

 which is counted, not an dpidixos which we use as a 

 means for counting (220 b 8). Time is the dpi6p.6s of 

 continuous movement generally (223 b 1 ; cf. G. tV C. II. 

 337 a 23), not of any movement in particular ; neverthe- 

 less, what we usually mean by time, and what really 



" This meaning of apifljios is of course quite distinct from that in 

 §§ 15-17 below. 



572 



