APPENDIX A 



Thus the upper <f)opd is a circular movement, hence the 

 Sun's is too, hence the seasons yivovrai cycUcally, hence 

 TO. vTTo rovTcov (cf. G.A. IV. 777 b 35 — 778 a 2) yivovrai 

 cycUcally. Thus Water -> Air -> Water ; cloud entails 

 rain, rain entails cloud. 

 Tivf(Ti<s (15) Ibid. So far, so good. Why then do not men and 

 cyclical ill animals apparently show this cyclical movement ? Why 



two'ni'odes ^^ they not return upon themselves, so that the same 



individual yiverai a second time ? In other words, why 

 is it not " necessary " that you should yiveadai if your 

 father does, although it is necessary that if you do, he 

 should ? This looks like rectilinear, not cyclic, yeveais. 

 Well, we must make a distinction and say that there are 

 two ways in which things " return upon themselves " : 

 some (a) do it numerically {dpiOfiw, i.e. the individual is 

 numerically identical) ; others (6) do it specifically only 

 (etSci /nwov, i.e., the specific form, not the individual, is 

 identical). The difference depends .upon the character 

 of the ovaia (see § 1) which is experiencing the " move- 

 ment " : if (a) their ovaia is " imperishable," then 

 obviously they will be the same dpifl/xoj as well as e'Sei ; 

 if (6) their ovaia is " perishable," then they recur e'Sei 

 only, not dpiOfico. That is why when Water yiverai from 

 Air, and Air from Water, it is the same etSet only, 

 not dpidfiu). Nothing, in fact, whose ovaia yiverai, i.e., 

 nothing whose ovaia is subject to yeveais and <j>dopd, 

 whose otJCTia is such that it admits of not-being, can 

 remain same and identical dpiOfiai. 



(16) The meaning of the last preceding paragraph will be 

 clearer when we recall which are the things whose ovaia 

 is " imperishable," not subject to yeveais and <f)6opd. 

 They are the stars and planets. Their ovaia is free from 

 all forms of change except circular movement ; hence 

 each persists as an eternally identical individual ; its 

 cycle is just its cyclical movement, <f>opd. As against 

 these eternal ovaiai, we have such things as Air and 

 Water, men and animals, whose ovaia is liable to not- 

 being, is " perishable." At first sight, says Aristotle, 

 there seems to be a difference between Air and Water 

 on the one hand and men and animals on the other. 

 The " cycle " in the case of the former is obvious : rain 

 is followed by cloud, cloud by rain, rain by cloud, con- 

 tinually ; but it is not so obvious in the case of men and 



574 



