APPENDIX B 



(3) M.A. 701 b 34 flF. (ch. 8). Putting the statement in § 1 Phygical 

 above in a slightly different form, we can say that the accompani. 

 origin of movement in the animal is to ev rat -rrpaKru) ^g°*g ^^ 

 hitoKTov KoX (J)€vkt6v — thc objcct of pursuit and avoidance 



in the field of action : and since to <f>evKr6v is painful and 

 TO Suu/cTov is pleasant, and since pain and pleasure are 

 generally accompanied bj- cooling and heating, therefore 

 the apprehension of these objects in thought or imagina- 

 tion produces of necessity (cl avayicqs) cooling and heat- 

 ing. Or again, in other words (ch. 7), desire (opefts), 

 which as we have just seen (§ 1) is the ultimate, i.e., 

 immediate cause of movement, is effected either through 

 sensation, imagination, or thought, and these bring about 

 dAAoiojffis (" alteration," i.e., qualitative change) of 

 various sorts — heating, cooling, expansion, contraction. 



(4) M.A., chh. 8-10. This ope^is, which brings about the Seat of 

 animal's movement, must be situated in an apxjj (70;? a 2-2) desire. 

 and this apx^ is the heart, or the counterpart of the heart 



in creatures which have no heart (703 a 14) ; besides, 

 we can show independently that the dpx^ of the Kivovaa 

 tjruxfi must be in a central position (70:3 b 15) ; arid of 

 course ope^is is the opeKriKov faculty of the i/'"X^- Thus 

 (701 b 28) when a sensation, or imagination, or thought 

 produces an oAAoi'too-i? in respect of heating or cooling at 

 the region of the heart, a great change or difference is 

 produced in the body— «.<;., blushing, blanching, shiver- 

 ing, etc. 



(5) It is important to notice that, according to Aristotle, the "Altera- 

 movements of the living organism are not mechanicaUy tion" 

 caused. In M.A., ch. 7 he compares the small original njovemen't" 

 stimulus {KLirqais) required to set going an automatic of animals. 

 puppet {cf. G.A., II. 734 b 8 ff., 741 b 9) with the small 

 change (/icTajSoA^) that occurs at the apxq (viz., the heart) 



of a living organism and produces great and numerous 

 changes or " differences " at a distance from the apxq 

 {cf. G.A. I. 716 b 3, V. 788 a 11) ; but he takes care 

 to point out that whereas in the automaton there is 

 no aAAoia)ai?, no qualitative change — the action being 

 entirely mechanical or " clockwork " — in the animal 

 there is aXXoiwais ; in an animal one and the same part 

 can become hotter and colder, larger and smaller — it 

 dAAoiourcu. 



u 577 



