APPENDIX B 



are perfected, and both the lungs and the parts which 

 precede them get articulated before the creatures breathe. 

 Further, the fissipede quadrupeds (dogs, etc.) are born 

 blind, and the articulation of the eyelid is effected later. 

 Thus we conclude that the same causes that are responsible 

 for delimiting the young creature qualitatively are also 

 responsible for its quantitative development — for actiializ- 

 ing its latent quantitative potentialities." And of necessity 

 pneuma must be present, on vypov koI Oepnov, rov fxev 

 TTOiovvTos, Tov 8e ndaxovTOS. 



(8) The understanding of this last remark may be helped by Physic*! 



a passage in M.A., ch. 8 and other passages. As we aecompani- 

 saw (§ 3), the dpx^ of movement in the animal is " the ™®'^^* 

 object of pursuit and avoidance in the field of action " ; 

 and the thought and imagination of such objects is of 

 necessity (e^ avay/ojs) accompanied by heat and cooling 

 (§ 3). Bodily pleasures and pains are accompanied by 

 heat and cooling either in some part of the body or all 

 over the body. Hence there is good reason in the way 

 the inner regions of the body and the regions around the 

 dpxai of the instrumental parts have been fashioned — 

 these regions change from solid to fluid and from soft to 

 hard and rice versa. This being so, and " the passive 

 factor" and "the active factor" (more exactly, "that 

 which is so constituted as to act," and " that which is so 

 constituted as to be acted upon ") having the character 

 which they in fact have, when it so happens that the one 

 is active and the other passive, and neither of them lacks 

 any of the ingredients included in its logos, then immedi- 

 ately the one acts and the other is acted upon, and we get 

 simultaneously, e.g., the thought " I must walk " and the 

 movement of the limbs in walking— because the imagina- 

 tion produces the desire, the desire produces the aflFections, 

 and these suitably prepare the instrumental parts. 



(9) Now we must remember that the " organ " or " instru- lastru' 

 ment " of movement, that which bridges the gap between mental 

 the immaterial ope^is on the one hand and the material "'^'"^t'5"^ °^ 

 limbs of the body on the other, is the SII (§ 6) ; it is this pneuma 

 which gives actual physical effect to the ope^is. ope^is (a) in desire ; 

 thus, as Aristotle says, stands to the limbs in the relation 



" This means that the same causes produce both the " uniform parts " 

 (flesh, sinew, etc.) and also the " non-uniform parts " (face, hand, 

 leg, etc.). 



579 



