APPENDIX B 



sideration that in the case of animals it is sentient Soul alone 

 which has to be supplied by the male parent, and for plants 

 no sentient Soul is required. Testacea, too, were considered 

 by Aristotle to be plant-like (see 715 b 17, 731 b 8 ff., 

 761 a 12 ff.)-] 



III. 



THE NATURE AND PROPERTIES OF 

 ^vfj^VTov Hvevfia 



Soul-heat. 



Semen (18) To repeat first what we have heard so far of the nature 



'^'Z^ma °^ ^^ ('''^^ ^^ ^^ ^- ' see § 13 above) : There is in the 



semen of all animals the so-called 9epfj.6v, which causes 

 the semen to be generative. This depfiov is not Fire, for 

 Fire cannot generate any animal, but the heat of the 

 Sun and of animals (the heat that operates through their 

 semen or some other residue) can do so : for this does 

 contain a vital principle {^cdtlktj dpx^). This substance 

 which is contained in the semen is pneiima, and it is 

 " analogous to the element of the stars," viz., aither. 

 One obvious way in which it is analogous to aither is 

 that it is generative, for the Sun, which is of aither, is 

 generative (see App. A §§ 9, 10). We shall find other 

 points of analogy later on (§ 25). 

 Pnfuma (19) In the passage 735 a 29 — ^736 a 20 we are told that semen 

 contains when it leaves the body is thick and white, because it 



has in it much hot pneuma owing to the animal's internal 

 heat ; when the heat in the semen has evaporated and 

 the Air has cooled, then it turns liquid and becomes 

 dark in colour. Thus semen is a combination o{ pneuma 

 (here described as " hot Air ") and water (kolvov ttvcv- 

 ixaros Koi vSaros, to 8e Trvevfxd ean Qtpfxos arjp, 736 a 1 ) ; in 

 fact, it is a foam, a mass of tiny bubbles. Similarly 

 (762 a 20 fF.) in the case of spontaneous generation we 

 have " a sort of frothy bvibble " formed, and this too 

 contains pneuma, which contains Soul-heat (see § 17) ; 

 cf. too the reference to " the foam-like stuff " (736 b 36) 

 in which, as in the semen, there is enclosed pneuma, and 

 in the pneuma a substance analogous to the aither. 

 Thus pneuma is closely associated with heat— a special 

 sort of heat, not the heat of Fire ; and at 762 a 20 we 

 read that " there is Soul-heat in all pneuma." 



586 



