APPENDIX B 



and for importance of the role of pneuma in conveying 

 the effects made upon the sense-organ to the heart and 

 so to the i/wxtj, see below, §§ 26 S, ^ 



(35) We may now notice two other ways in which piifuma Pnewma 

 is "analogous" to aither. (a) We noted above {§ 6)^°<iai7A«r 

 that pneuma causes " movement " (both dXXoicuois and ''"aloKous. 

 spatial movement) /iTj oAAoitoo-ei, i.e., without itself under- 

 going any qualitative change. In this respect it is 

 similar to aither, for this too is not liable to any sort of 

 " movement " (except circular <f>opd) ; Aristotle expressly 

 says that aither is not subject to oAAoiWt? (De caelo I. 

 270 a 14. ff.), and he even goes so far as to suggest that 

 it is " divine " (?70 b 10). (6) Pneuma, like aither, 

 acts as an intermediary between an immaterial mover 

 and material objects. As we have seen, the unmoved 

 mover moves the Heaven and the heavenly bodies which 

 are made of aither, and the heavenly bodies in turn 

 " move " sublunary bodies, viz., they bring about the 

 transformation of the elements into one another, and 

 also they bring about yei/eai? and (jjdopd. So too the 

 immaterial ipvx^ moves pneuma, and pneuma in turn 

 causes aXXolcjais, thereby (i) moving the limbs of the 

 body or (ii) causing the " movement " which is the 

 development of the embryo. 



IV. THE FUNCTION OF Sv'/x^urov Xlvivua IN 

 SENSATION 



The following outline of Aristotle's theory of Sensation 

 will indicate the important part played in it by Air and 

 pneuma. It will be seen that just as pneuma transmits 

 to the parts of the body the movements caused by i^x^ and 

 thereby produces cL\Aoia>crts and movement, so in the reverse 

 direction it apparently transmits to tjivxri the movement of 

 the oAAoioiffi? caused in the sense-organs by the movements 

 of external stimuli. 



It will be convenient to divide this account into two parts : 



A. dealing with what goes on outside the sentient body ; 



B. dealing with what goes on inside the sentient body. 



589 



