APPENDIX B 



Sense- 

 organs 

 connected 

 to the 



*Ae/Ses con- 

 nected to 

 the heart, 

 the source of 

 the connate 

 pneuvia. 



(30) Now sensation arises from the heart, the seat of aluO-q- 

 TiKT) tpvx^ (17 atadrjais oltto rrjs KapBias, P. A. II. 656 b 24 ; 

 cf. 656 a 28, III. 666 a 12, also II. 647 a 25 and O.A. II. 

 743 b 25), for no bloodless part has the power of sensa- 

 tion, nor has blood itself ; the power resides in " one 

 of the parts that are made out of blood " {P. A. III. 

 666 a 17, II. 656 b 19). Hence the movement in the 

 sense-organ must somehow be conveyed to the heart. 

 Now it is evident that the senses of touch and taste are 

 connected to the heart {P. A. II. 656 a 29 ; cf. De sensu 

 439 a I ) ; so are the others, though perhaps not so 

 obviously and directly. Thus, from the eyes " pass- 

 ages " (TTopoi) run to the ^Ae'jSts around the brain, and 

 similarly from the ears a " passage " connects to the 

 back of the head {P.A. II. 656 b 17). This is confirmed 

 and amplified by G.A. II. 744 a 2, where smell and 

 hearing are said to be " passages " full of 211, connect- 

 ing with the external Air, and terminating at the ^Ae/3ta 

 ichich come from the heart and extend around the brain. 



(31) In the passage of G.A. V. 781 a 23 ff., which is perhaps 

 out of place and possibly slightly corrupt, some import- 

 ant statements are fortunately clear. We read there 

 that the " passage " of the organ of hearing terminates in 

 the region where the SII produces the pulsation (deriv- 

 ing, as will be seen, from the heart) ; and we also read 

 of the " movement " which comes through the sense- 

 organ of hearing (presumably to its destination in the 

 heart) being reproduced again through the voice ; at 

 any rate, it is clear that the heart is the dp^i? o( the 

 voice (IV. 776 b 12 ; cf. V. 787 b— 788 a). Further 

 details about the pulsation are given in I>e resp. 

 479 b 30 if. Pulsation, says Aristotle, is similar to 

 boiling, which occurs when fluid substance is pneumatized 

 by TO depfxov : the fluid rises up owing to increase of 

 bulk. Pulsation is produced in the heart by the in- 

 crease of bulk, caused by heat, of the fluid which is 

 continually being supplied to the heart from the nourish- 

 ment. This action goes on continuously, because the 

 blood is fashioned first of all in tlie heart, and the inflow 

 of the fluid out of which the blood is produced goes on 

 continuously. And all the ^Ae'jSes pulsate too, simul- 

 taneously with each other, because they are all 



592 



