28 BOOK II. 



one yields an abundance of metals, it not only gives back to the owner the 

 money he has spent, but also gives a profit besides ; certainly there will 

 be for him rich and profitable mining, if of the whole number, three, or four, 

 or more veins should yield metal. Very similar to this is the advice which 

 Xenophon gave to the Athenians when they wished to prospect for new 

 veins of silver without suffering loss. " There are," he said, " ten tribes 

 of Athenians ; if, therefore, the State assigned an equal number of 

 slaves to each tribe, and the tribes participated equally in all the new veins, 

 undoubtedly by this method, if a rich vein of silver were found by one tribe, 

 whatever profit were made from it would assuredly be shared by the whole 

 number. And if two, three, or four tribes, or even half the whole number 

 find veins, their works would then become more profitable ; and it is not 

 " probable that the work of all the tribes will be disappointing "'. Although 

 this advice of Xenophon is full of prudence, there is no opportunity for it 

 except in free and wealthy States ; for those people who are under the 

 authority of kings and princes, or are kept in subjection by tyranny, do not 

 dare, without permission, to incur such expenditure ; those who are endowed 

 with little wealth and resources cannot do so on account of insufficient funds. 

 Moreover, amongst our race it is not customary for Republics to have slaves 

 whom they can hire out for the benefit of the people^ ; but, instead, now- 

 adays those who are in authority administer the funds for mining in the name 

 of the State, not unlike private individuals. 



" are now exhausted. The workmen, when the mines yielded a bad return to their labour, 

 " committed to the furnace the old refuse and scoria, and hence obtained very pure silver, 

 " for the former workmen had carried on the process in the furnace unskilfully." 



Since i860, the mines have been worked with some success by a French Company, 

 thus carrying the mining history of this district over a period of twenty-seven centuries. 

 The most excellent of many memoirs upon the mines at Laurion, not only for its critical, 

 historical, and archaeological value, but also because of its author's great insight into mining 

 and metallurgy, is that of Edouard Ardaillon (Les Mines du Laurion dans I'Antiquite. Paris, 

 1897). We have relied considerably upon this careful study for the following notes, and 

 would refer others to it for a short bibliography on the subject. We would mention in passing 

 that Augustus Boeckh's " Silver Mines of Laurion," which is incorporated with his " Public 

 Economy of Athens " (English Translation by Lewis, London, 1842) has been too much 

 relied upon by English students. It is no doubt the product of one acquainted with written 

 history, but without any special knowledge of the industry and it is based on no antiquarian re- 

 search. The Mt. Laurion mining district is located near the southern end of the Attic Peninsula. 

 The deposits are silver-lead, and they occur along the contact between approximately hori- 

 zontal limestones and slates. There are two principal beds of each, thus forming three 

 principal contacts. The most metalliferous of these contacts are those at the base of the 

 slates, the lowest contact of the series being the richest. The ore-bodies were most irregular, 

 varying greatly in size, from a thin seam between schist planes, to very large bodies containing 

 as much as 200,000 cubic metres. The ores are argentiferous galena, accompanied by con- 

 siderable amounts of blende and pyrites, all oxidized near the surface. The ores worked by 

 the Ancients appear to have been fairly rich in lead, for the discards worked in recent years by 

 the French Company, and the pillars left behind, ran 8% to 10% lead. The ratio of silver was 

 from 40 to qo ounces per ton of lead. The upper contacts were exposed by erosion and could 

 be entered by tunnels, but the lowest and most prolific contact line was only to be reached by 

 shafts. The shafts were ordinarily from four to six feet square, and were undoubtedly cut by 

 hammer and chisel ; they were as much as 380 feet deep. In some cases long inclines for 

 travelling roads join the vertical shafts in depth. The drives, whether tunnels or from 

 shafts, were not level, but followed every caprice of the sinuous contact. They were from 

 two to two and a half feet wide, often driven in parallels with cross-cuts between, in order to 

 exploit every corner of the contact. The stoping of ore-bodies discovered was undertaken 

 quite systematically, the methods depending in the main on the shape of the ore-body. If 

 the body was large, its dimensions were first determined by drives, crosscuts, rises, and 



