36 BOOK II. 



written in Book I. of my work '' Dc Veteribus et Novis Metallis "Y^ ; or they 

 ma}' be exposed through the force of the wind, when it uproots and destroys 

 the trees which have grown over the veins ; or by the breaking away of the 

 rocks ; or by long-continued heaw rains tearing awaj' the mountain ; or by 

 an earthquake ; or by a hghtning flash ; or bj' a snowslide ; or by the 

 violence of the winds : "Of such a nature are the rocks hurled dowTi from 

 the mountains b}" the force of the winds aided by the ravages of time." Or 

 the plough maj- uncover the veins, for Justin relates in his history that 

 nuggets of gold had been turned up in Galicia by the plough ; or this ma}' 

 occur through a fire in the forest, as Diodorus Siculus tells us happened in the 

 silver mines in Spain ; and that sa\ing of Posidonius is appropriate enough : 

 " The earth N-iolentlj- moved by the fires consuming the forest sends forth new 

 products, namely, gold and silver." ^". And indeed, Lucretius has ex- 

 plained the same thi n g more fuUy in the following lines : " Copper and gold 

 and iron were discovered, and at the same time weighty silver and the sub- 

 stance of lead, when fire had burned up vast forests on the great hills, either 

 by a discharge of heaven's Hghtning, or else because, when men were waging 

 Wcir wdth one another, forest fires had carried fire among the enemy in order to 

 strike terror to them, or because, attracted by the goodness of the soil, they 

 wished to clear rich fields and bring the countrj? into pasture, or else to destroy 

 wild beasts and enrich themselves with the game ; for hunting with pitfalls 

 and with fire came into use before the practice of enclosing the wood with 

 toils and rousing the game with dogs. \Miatever the fact is, from 



**The statement in De Veteribus et Novis Metallis (p. 394) is as follows : — 

 " It came about by chance and accident that the silver mines were discovered at 

 ■* Freiberg in Meissen. By the river Sala, which is not unknown to Strabo. is Hala, which 

 " was once country, but is now a large town ; the site, at any rate, even from Roman times 

 " was famous and renowned for its salt springs, for the possession of which the Hermunduri 

 " fought with the Chatti. ^\'hen people carried the salt thence in wagons, as the}' now do 

 " straight through Meissen (Saxony) into Bohemia— which is lacking in that seasoning to-day 

 " no less than formerly — the\' saw galena in the wheel tracks, which had been uncovered by 

 " the torrents. This lead ore, since it was similar to that of Goslar, they put into their carts 

 " and carried to Goslar, for the same carriers were accustomed to carry lead from that city. 

 " And since much more silver was smelted from this galena than from that of Goslar, certain 

 " miners betook themselves to that part of Meissen in which is now situated Freiberg, a 

 " great and wealthy town ; and we are told by consistent stories and general report that 

 " they grew rich out of the mines." Agricola places the discovery of the mines at Freiberg 

 at about 1170. See Note 11, p. 5. 



^"Diodorus Siculus (v., 35). " These places being covered with woods, it is said that 

 " in ancient times these mountains were set on fire by shepherds, and continued burning for 

 " many days, and parched the earth, so that an abundance of silver ore was melted, and 

 " the metaJ flowed in streams of pure silver hke a river." Aristotle, nearly three centuries 

 belore Diodorus, mentions this same story (De Mirabilibus, 87) : " They say that in Ibernia 

 " the woods were set on fire by certain shepherds, and the earth thus heated, the country 

 " visibly flowed silver ; and when some time later there were earthquakes, and the earth 

 " burst asunder at different places, a large amoimt of silver was collected." As the works 

 of Posidonius are lost, it is probable that Agricola was quoting from Strabo (in., 2, 9), 

 who says, in describing Spain : " Posidonius, in praising the amount and excellence of the 

 " metals, cannot refrain from his accustomed rhetoric, and becomes quite enthusiastic in 

 " exaggeration. He tells us we are not to disbelieve the fable that formerly the forests 

 " ha^ing been set on fire, the earth, which was loaded with silver and gold, melted and 

 " threw up these metals to the surface, for inasmuch as every mountain and wooded hill 

 " seemed to be heaped up with money bj' a lavish fortune." (Hamilton's Trans. I., p. 220). 

 Or he may have been quoting from the Deipnosophistae of Athenaeus (vi.), where Posidonius 

 is quoted : " And the mountains . . . when once the woods upon them had caught fire, 

 spontaneously ran with hquid silver." 



