426 BOOK IX. 



hot, and then mixed with crushed stone which melts. Then a crucible 

 is made in the hearth of the smith's furnace, from the same moistened 

 powder from which are made the forehearths in front of the furnaces in 

 which ores of gold or silver are smelted ; the width of this crucible is 

 about one and a half feet and the depth one foot. The bellows are so 

 placed that the blast may be blown through the nozzle into the middle 

 of the crucible. Then the whole of the crucible is fiUed with the best 

 charcoal, and it is surrounded by fragments of rock to hold in place the pieces 

 of iron and the superimposed charcoal. As soon as all the charcoal 

 is kindled and the crucible is glowing, a blast is blown from the bellows 

 and the master pours in gradually as much of the mixture of iron and flux 

 as he wishes. Into the middle of this, when it is melted, he puts four iron 

 masses each weighing thirty pounds, and heats them for five or six hours in a 

 fierce fire ; he frequently stirs the melted iron with a bar, so that the small 

 pores in each mass absorb the minute particles, and these particles by their 

 own strength consume and expand the thick particles of the masses, which they 

 render soft and similar to dough. Afterward the master, aided by his 

 assistant, takes out a mass with the tongs and places it on the anvil, where 

 it is pounded by the hammer which is alternately raised and dropped by 

 means of the water-wheel ; then, without delay, while it is stiU hot, he 

 throws it into water and tempers it ; when it is tempered, he places it again 

 on the anvU, and breaks it with a blow from the same hammer. Then at 

 once examining the fragments, he decides whether the iron in some part or 

 other, or as a whole, appears to be dense and changed into steel ; if so, he seizes 

 one mass after another with the tongs, and taking them out he breaks them 

 into pieces. Afterward he heats the mixture up again, and adds a portion 

 afresh to take the place of that which has been absorbed by the masses. This 

 restores the energy of that which is left, and the pieces of the masses are again 

 put back into the crucible and made purer. Each of these, after having 

 been heated, is seized with the tongs, put under the hammer and shaped 

 into a bar. While they are still glowing, he at once throws them into the very 

 coldest nearby running water, and in this manner, being suddenly condensed, 

 they are changed into pure steel, which is much harder and whiter than iron. 



The ores of the other metals are not smelted in furnaces. Quicksilver 

 ores and also antimony are melted in pots, and bismuth in troughs. 



I will first speak of quicksilver. This is collected when found in pools 

 formed from the outpourings of the veins and stringers ; it is cleansed with 

 vinegar and salt, and then it is poured into canvas or soft leather, through 

 which, when squeezed and compressed, the quicksilver runs out into a pot or 

 pan. The ore of quicksilver is reduced in double or single pots. If in double 

 pots, then the upper one is of a shape not very dissimilar to the glass ampuUas 

 used by doctors, but they taper downward toward the bottom, and the 

 lower ones are httle pots similar to those in which men and women make 

 cheese, but both are larger than these ; it is necessary to sink the lower 

 pots up to the rims in earth, sand, or ashes. The ore, broken up into small 

 pieces is put into the upper pots ; these having been entirely closed up 



