524 BOOK XI. 



and forth. This bar is round, eight feet long and two digits in diameter ; 

 on the right side it has a haft made of iron, which is about a foot from the 

 right end ; the aperture in this haft is a pahn wide, two digits high, and a 

 digit thick. The bar holds the exhausted liquation cakes opposite, lest they 

 should fall down. When the operation of " drying " is completed, a work- 

 man draws out this bar with a crook which he inserts into the haft, as I will 

 explain hereafter. 



In order that one should understand those things of which I have spoken, 

 and concerning which I am about to speak, it is necessary for me to give some 

 information beforehand about the furnace and how it is to be made. It stands 

 nine feet from the fourth long wall, and as far from the wall which is between 

 the second and fourth transverse walls. It consists of walls, an arch, a chimney, 

 an interior waU, and a hearth ; the two walls are at the sides ; and they are 

 eleven feet three palms and two digits long, and where they support the 

 chimney they are eight feet and a palm high. At the front of the arch they 

 are only seven feet high ; they are two feet three palms and two digits 

 thick, and are made either of rock or of bricks ; the distance between them 

 is eight feet, a palm and two digits. There are two of the arches, for the 

 space at the rear between the walls is also arched from the ground, in order 

 that it may be able to support the chimney ; the foundations of these 

 arches are the walls of the furnace ; the span of the arch has the same 

 length as the space between the walls ; the top of the arch is five feet, a palm 

 and two digits high. In the rear arch there is a wall made of bricks joined 

 with lime ; this wall at a height of a foot and three palms from the ground 

 has five vent-holes, which are two palms and a digit high, a palm and a digit 

 wide, of which the first is near the right interior wall, and the last near the 

 left interior wall, the remaining three in the intervening space ; these vent- 

 holes penetrate through the interior of the waU which is in the arch. 

 Half-bricks can be placed over the vent-holes, lest too much air should be 

 drawn into the furnace, and they can be taken out at times, in order that he 

 who is " drying " the exhausted liquation cakes may inspect the passages, 

 as they are called, to see whether the cakes are being properly " dried." 

 The front arch is three feet two palms distant from the rear one ; this arch 

 is the same thickness as that of the rear arch, but the span is six feet wide ; 



impurities ; the " ash-coloured copper " to contain about 60% cuprous oxide and 30% lead 

 oxide, with some metallic copper and minor impurities. An average of proportions given by 

 various authors shows, roughly, that out of 100 centners of " exhausted " liquation cakes, 

 containing about 70% copper and 30% lead, there were about 63 centners of " dried " copper, 

 38 centners of " slag," and 6\ centners of " ash-coloured copper." According to Karsten, the 

 process fell into stages ; first, at low temperature some metallic lead appeared; second, during 

 an increasing temperature for over 14 to 15 hours the slags ran out ; third, there was a period of 

 four hours of lower temperature to allow time for the lead to diffuse from the interior of the 

 cakes ; and fourth, during a period of eight hours the temperature was again increased. In fact, 

 the latter portion of the process ended with the economic limit between leaving some lead in 

 the copper and driving too much copper into the " slags." Agricola gives the silver 

 contents of the " dried " copper as 3 drachmae to i centumpondium, or equal to about q ozs. 

 per ton ; and assuming that the copper finally recovered from the bye-products ran no higher, 

 then the first four charges (see note on p. 506) would show a reduction in the silver values 

 of from 95 to 97% ; the 7th and 8th charges (note on p. 512) of about 90%. 



