APPENDIX A. 595 



1546 ; the second at Basel, 1558, which, being the edition revised and added to 

 by the author, has been used by us for reference. There are five " books," and 

 in the main they contain Agricola's philosophical views on geologic phenomena. 

 The largest portion of the actual text is occupied with refutations of the 

 ancient philosophers, the alchemists, and the astrologers ; and these portions, 

 while they exhibit his ability in observation and in dialectics, make but dull 

 reading. Those sections of the book which contain his own views, however, 

 are of the utmost importance in the history of science, and we reproduce 

 extensively the material relating to ore deposits in the footnotes on pages 43 

 to 52. Briefly, Book I. is devoted to discussion of the origin and distribution 

 of ground waters and juices. The latter part of this book and a portion of 

 Book II. are devoted to the origin of subterranean heat, which he assumes 

 is in the main due to burning bitumen — a genus which with him embraced 

 coal— and also, in a minor degree, to friction of internal winds and to 

 burning sulphur. The remainder of Book II. is mainly devoted to the dis- 

 cussion of subterranean "air", " vapour", and " exhalations", and he con- 

 ceives that volcanic eruptions and earthquakes are due to their agency, and 

 in these hypotheses he comes fairly close to the modem theory of eruptions 

 from explosions of steam. " Vapour arises when the internal heat of the 

 " earth or some hidden fire bums earth which is moistened with vapour. 

 " When heat or subterranean fire meets with a great force of vapour which 

 " cold has contracted and encompassed in every direction, then the vapour, 

 " finding no outlet, tries to break through whatever is nearest to it, in order 

 " to give place to the insistent and urgent cold. Heat and cold cannot abide 

 " together in one place, but expel and drive each other out of it by turns". 



As he was, we believe, the first to recognise the fundamental agencies 

 of mountain sculpture, we consider it is of sufficient interest to warrant a 

 reproduction of his views on this subject : " Hills and mountains are pro- 

 " duced by two forces, one of which is the power of water, and the other the 

 " strength of the wind. There are three forces which loosen and demoUsh 

 " the mountains, for in this case, to the power of the water and the strength 

 " of the wind we must add the fire in the interior of the earth. Now we can 

 " plainly see that a great abundance of water produces moimtains, for the 

 " torrents first of all wash out the soft earth, next carry away the harder 

 " earth, and then roll down the rocks, and thus in a few years they excavate 

 " the plains or slopes to a considerable depth ; this may be noticed in moun- 

 " tainous regions even by unskilled observers. By such excavation to a 

 " great depth through many ages, there rises an immense eminence on each 

 " side. When an eminence has thus arisen, the earth roUs down, loosened by 

 " constant rain and split away by frost, and the rocks, unless they are exceed- 

 " ingly firm, since their seams are similarly softened by the damp, roU down 

 " into the excavations below. This continues imtil the steep eminence is 

 " changed into a slope. Each side of the excavation is said to be a mountain, 

 " just as the bottom is called a valley. Moreover, streams, and to a far greater 

 " extent rivers, effect the same results by their rushing and washing ; for this 

 " reason they are frequently seen flowing either between very high mountains 



