234 ANIMAL INTELLIGENCE. 



the habit of firmly grasping a sea-anemone in each claw 

 and carrying them about, presumably to secure some 

 benefit to themselves. The more familiar case of the 

 species of anemone which lives on the shells tenanted by 

 hermit crabs is of special interest to us on account of a 

 remarkable observation published by Mr. Grosse, F.R.S. 

 {Zoologist, June, 1859). He found that on his detaching 

 the anemone (Adamsia) from the shell, the hermit crab 

 always took it up in its claws and held it against the shell 

 'for the space of ten minutes at a time, until fairly 

 attached by a good strong base.' It was said by the late 

 Dr. Eobert Ball that when the common Sagartia para- 

 sitica is attached to a stone and a hermit crab is placed in 

 its vicinity, the anemone will leave the stone and attach 

 itself to the hermit's shell {Critic, March 24, 1860). 



Intelligence of Larvce of Certain Insects. 



I shall now allude to some of the more interesting facts 

 touching the psychology of insects when in their immature 

 or larval state. This is an interesting topic from the 

 point of view which we occupy as evolutionists, because a 

 caterpillar is really a locomotive and self-feeding embryo, 

 whose entire mental constitution is destined to undergo a 

 metamorphosis no less complete and profound than that 

 which is also destined to take place in its corporeal struc- 

 ture. Yet although the caterpillar has an embryo psy- 

 chology, its instincts and even intelligence often seem to 

 be higher or more elaborated than is the case with the 

 imago form. Where such is the case the explanation of 

 course must be that it is of more importance to the species 

 that the larval form should be in a certain measure in- 

 telligent than that the imago form should be so. Every 

 larva is a potential imago, or breeding individual ; there- 

 fore its life is of no less value to the species during its 

 larval than during its adult existence ; and if certain 

 instincts or grades of intelligence are of more use to it 

 during the former than during the latter period, of course 

 natural selection would determine the unusual event which 

 we seem here in some cases to see — namely, that the 



