36 Div. 1. YEETEBEATE ANIMALS.— MA:MMALIA, Class 1. 



gradually obstructed ; the solids become rigid ; and after a life more or less prolouged, more or 

 less agitated, more or less jminful, old age arrives, Mith decrepitude, decay, and death. Man 

 rarely lives beyond a hundred years ; and most of the species, either from disease, accidents, 

 or merely old p^e, perish long before that term. 



The child needs the assistance of its mother much longer than her milk, vi'hence results an 

 education intellectual as well as physical, and a durable mutual attachment. The nearly equal 

 number of individuals of the two sexes, the difficulty of supporting more than one wife, when 

 wealth does not supply the want of power, intimate that monogamy is the natural condition 

 of our species ; and as, wherever this kind of union exists, the sire participates in the education 

 of his offspring, the length of time required for that education allows the birth of others, 

 whence the natural perpetuity of the conjugal state. From the long period of infantile weak- 

 ness results domestic subordination, and, consequently, the order of society at large, as the 

 j'oung persons which compose the new families continue to preserve with their parents those 

 tender relations to which they have so long been accustomed. This disposition to mutual 

 assistance multiplies to an almost unlimited extent those advantages jweviously derived by 

 isolated Man from his intelUgence ; it has assisted him to tame or repulse other animals, to 

 defend himself from the effects of climate, and thus enabled him to cover the earth with his 

 species. 



In other respects, Man appears to possess nothing resembling instinct, no regular habit of 

 industry produced by innate ideas; all his knowledge is the result of his sensations, his 

 observations, or of those of his predecessors. Transmitted by speech, increased by meditation, 

 apjdied to his necessities and his enjoyments, they have given rise to all the arts. Language 

 and letters, by preserving acquired knowledge, are a source of indefinite perfection to his 

 species. It is thus that he has acquired ideas, and nade all natiire contribute to his wants.* 



There are very different degrees of dcvelopement, however, in Man. 



The first hordes, compelled to live by hunting and fishing, or on wild fruits, and being 

 obliged to devote all their time to search for the means of subsistence, and not being able to 

 multiply greatly, because that would have destroyed the game, advanced but slowly ; their 

 arts were limited to the construction of huts and canoes, to covering themselves with skins, 

 and fabricating arrows and nets ; they observed such stars only as served to direct them in 

 their journeys, and some natural ol)jccts whose properties were of use to them ; they gained the 

 dog for a comi)auion, because he had a natural inclination for the same kind of life. When 

 they had succeeded in taming the herbivorous animals, they found in the possession of 

 numerous flocks a never-failing source of subsistence, and some leisure, which they emjjloyed 

 in extending the nphcrc of their acquirements. Some industry was then employed in the 

 construction of dwellings and tlic making of clothes ; the idea of property was admitted, and, 

 consequently, that of barter, together with Avealth and difference of conditions, those fruitful 

 sources of the noblest emulation and the vilest passions ; but the necessity of searching for 

 fresh pastures, and of obeying the changes of the seasons, still doomed them to a wandering 

 life, and limited their improvement to a very narrow sphere. 



The multiplication of the human species, and its improvement in the arts and sciences, has 



• llic namrrous alrnctursil concurrences, oU of n likh nrc required | necessary consequence of their imperfect me:vns of eommuiiication), 

 In promote the inlcllectunl developcment of mankind, nrc worthy of [ nnd we perceive how imnieusciy he is indebted also to tliesc ac 



•crious cnnsiJcratiou with reference to the unaided faculties of other 

 animals. 



For example, if the superior Intelligence of Man were not seconded 

 by his adnilrohic hanas ( so vastly CMcelling those of the monliey 

 tribe), by his emcient vocal orijan, J<c., whicli are obvious to all as 

 mere physical coiiformalion«, indeed, but sliRhl inodificatious of what 

 occur In other animals, — if, in short, he were reduced in these re- 

 •prrl. to the condition of the Dog, how crTcctually would the privation 

 operate to nrevent that pro(tre>sive advancement which, under exist- 

 ing circumstances. Is achieved by the human race only. 



But. even ifranl to Man the use of all his organs, yet deprive him of 

 tUrrrnmu.alcd experience of his predecessors, and all nuiital culture 

 bnond the r«iuli of his incidental experience (which in brutes is a 



cessones. 



On the other hand, however, a duly developed brain and commensu- 

 rate intelligence are required to enable Man to avail himself of the 

 advantages of his structure, for otherwise he appears doomed to ra- 

 main stationary like a brute (as in the instance of the New Hol- 

 landers), even in the midst of civilization, 'riiere are also casualties, 

 us the general insecurity of life or property arising from situation or 

 tnisgovernment, which ordinarily suffice to repel the efforts of ad 

 vancemcnt, even of llie most intelligent races. 



It would accordingly, then, appear, tiiat the characteristic traits 

 of human intellrct are mainly due to the co-operation of extrinsic 

 causes, anO to Iho accessory aids alTorfled by physical conformation. 

 — Kd. 



