Order 1. BIMANA, OR MAN, 39 



traverse the great desert. Thrice clid tbeir ancestors, under Attila, Gengbis, and Tamerlane, spread 

 far the terror of their name. The Chinese are the most anciently ci\ilized branch, not only of this 

 race, but of all known nations. A third branch, the Mantchures, have recently conquered and still 

 govern China. The Japanese, Coreans, and nearly all tlie hordes which extend to the north-east of 

 Siberia, subject to Russia, aie also to be considered, in a great measure, as originating from this race ; 

 and such also is deemed to bi' the fact with regard to the original inhabitants of various islands bordering 

 on that archipelago. With the exception of some Chinese literati, the nations of the Jlongolian race 

 pertain generally to different sects of Buddism, or the religion of Fo. 



The origin of this great race appears to have been in the Altai mountains, as that of oiu's in the 

 Caucasus ; but it is impossible to trace with the same certainty the filiation of its different branches. 

 The history of these wandering nations is as fugitive as their establishments ; and that of the Chinese, 

 confined exclusively to their own empire, fui'nishes little that is satisfactory witli respect to their 

 neighbours. The affinities of their languages are also too little known to direct us in this labyrinth. 



The languages of the north of the peninsula beyond the Ganges, as well as that of Thibet, bear some 

 relation to the Cliinese, at least in their monosyllabic structure ; and the people who speak them are 

 not without resemblance to the other Mongoles : but the south of this peninsula is inhabited by 

 Malays, whose forms approach them much nearer to the Indians, and whose race and language are 

 distributed over the coasts of all the islands of the Indian archipelago. The innumerable small islands 

 of the southern ocean are also peopled by a handsome race, who appear to hold a near relation to the 

 Indians, and whose language has much affinity with the Malay : but in the interior of the larger islands, 

 particularly in the milder portions of them, there exists another race of men with black complexions, 

 and negro faces, all extremely barbarous, which arc named Alfoiurous ; and on the coasts of New 

 Guinea and the neighbouring islands, are other Negroes nearly similar to those of the eastern coast of 

 Africa, which are termed Papons ; to the latter are generally referred the natives of Van Diemen's 

 Land [now rapidly approaching to extermination], and those of New Holland to the Alfourous.* 



Neither the Malays nor the Papous are easily referable to either of the three great races ; but 

 can the former be clearly distinguished from their neighbours on both sides, the Caucasian Indians and 

 the Mongolian Chinese .' We avow that we cannot discern in them sufficient traits for that purpose. 

 Are the Papous Negroes, which may formerly have strayed into the Indian Ocean ? We possess neither 

 figures nor descriptions precise enough to enable us to reply to this question. 



The inhabitants of the north of both continents, the Saraoyedes, the Laplanders, and the Esquimaux, 

 are derived, according to some, from the Mongolian race : but others regard them as mere degenerate 

 offsets from the Scythian and Tartar branches of the Caucasian race. 



The Americans have not yet been referred clearly to either of the races of the eastern continent ; 

 nevertheless, they have no precise or constant character, which can entitle them to be considered as 

 a particular one. Their copper-coloured complexion is not sufiicieut : their general black hair and 

 scanty beard would induce us to approximate them to the ]\Iongoles, if their defined features, their nose 

 as projecting as ours, their large and open eyes, did not oppose such a theory, and correspond with 

 the features of the European. Their languages are as numberless as their tribes, and no demonstrative 

 analogies have as yet been obtained, either with each other, or with those of the ancient world.f 



[With all deference, I would suggest that naturalists are much too prone to confound resemblance 

 with identity; as if any reason existed of necessity, for analogous races to cUtfer in the least 

 degree. IIow many geographical mutual represontatives are there, which the analogy of allied 

 races forcibly indicates to be distinct, though undistinguishable on minute comparison ! IIow nearly 

 also do many acknowledged species resemble ! Bearing these facts in mind, does it not appear that 

 the Americans have as good a claim to be regarded as a primary race, as the Mongolians have to be 

 separated as such from the Caucasians ? The arrangement of Blumenljach, who adds the JIalayan 

 and American races to the three admitted by Cuvier, has been more generally adopted : but tliere 

 would seem to be quite as good reason for admitting others. Fischer, in his Synopsis Mammalium, 

 indicates what he conceives to be seven species of Hoino (reducing the number that had previously 



* Refer, for the different r.-ices wliich people the is'.unds of the Indian . t See, on the subieet of the Amcrie.ins, the travels of M. de Hum- 

 and Paeific Oceans, to the dissertation of MM. Lesson and Garnot, in 1 ijoldt, so ricli in important information, and the dissertations of Vater 

 the ZoQhj>ie dii t'oyage tie la Coquilte^ p. 1 — 113. I'or the languages of j pnd of Mitcliell. 

 the Asiatic nations, and tlicir aflimties, consult the ytsia Polyglotta of ' 

 M. Klaprotb 



