Appetence and Emotion. 389 



mark. They would then lie for some time perfectly motion- 

 less. Some such effect has, perhaps, led to the instinct 

 displayed by some animals of " shamming dead." 



Eeturning now to the emotions as displayed in man, we 

 may take one more example in anger. This is an emotion 

 that arises from the idea of evil having been inflicted 

 or threatened. " Under moderate anger," says Darwin, 

 " the action of the heart is a little increased, the colour 

 heightened, and the eyes become bright. The respiration 

 is likewise a little hurried ; and as all the muscles serving 

 for this purpose act in association, the wings of the nostrils 

 are sometimes raised to allow of a free draught of air ; and 

 this is a highly characteristic sign of indignation. The 

 mouth is commonly compressed, and there is almost always 

 a frown on the brow. Instead of the frantic gestures of 

 extreme rage, an indignant man unconsciously throws 

 himself into an attitude ready for attacking or striking his 

 enemy, whom he will, perhaps, scan from head to foot in 

 defiance. He carries his head erect, with his chest well 

 expanded, and the feet planted firmly on the ground. With 

 Europeans the fists are generally clenched." '* Under rage 

 the action of the heart is much accelerated, or, it may be, 

 much disturbed. The face reddens, or it becomes purple 

 from the impeded return of the blood, or may turn deadly 

 pale. The respiration is laboured, the chest heaves, and 

 the dilated nostrils quiver. The whole body often trembles. 

 The voice is affected. The teeth are clenched or ground 

 together, and the muscular system is commonly stimulated 

 to violent, almost frantic, action. But the gestures of a 

 man in this state usually differ from the purposeless 

 writhings and struggles of one suffering from an agony of 

 pain ; for they represent more or less plainly the act of 

 striking or fighting with an enemy." 



These examples will serve to remind the reader of the 

 nature of those complex aggregates of organized feelings 

 which we call emotions, and will also show the close 

 connection of these emotions with the associated bodily 

 movements and activities which constitute their normal 



