Appetence and Emotion. 391 



order comprises the individual and personal emotions — 

 those which are self-interested and have sole reference to 

 the individual who feels, enjoys, or suffers. They take 

 origin in percepts, either in presentations of sense or 

 representations in memory. The second order introduces 

 the sympathetic emotions. They are evoked on sight of 

 the sufferings or emotional states of others. If we see a 

 woman insulted, we are filled with indignation ; and this 

 emotion has a sympathetic origin. The third order com- 

 prises the complex feelings known as sentiments. They 

 have reference to certain qualities of objects or activities of 

 individuals which inspire admiration or disapprobation. 

 They are abstract in their nature, and belong to the con- 

 ceptual sphere. Such are love of truth, beauty, virtue, 

 liberty, justice. To become operative on conduct, however, 

 they need, at any rate in the case of most people, to be 

 particularized and individualized, or brought within the 

 perceptual sphere, ere they arouse anything that is 

 emotional in much more than in name. As Dr. McCosh 

 has well said, *'No man ever had his heart kindled by the 

 abstract idea of loveliness, or sublimity, or moral excellence, 

 or any other abstraction. That which calls forth our 

 admiration is a lovely scene ; that which raises wonder or 

 awe is a grand scene; that which calls forth love is not 

 loveliness in the abstract, but a lovely and loving person ; 

 that which evokes moral approbation is not virtue in the 

 abstract, but a virtuous agent performing a virtuous act. 

 The contemplation of the beautiful and the good cannot 

 evoke deep or lively emotion. He who would create 

 admiration for goodness must exhibit a good being per- 

 forming a good action." 



Turning now to the lower animals, the first question 

 that suggests itself is — What are their capacities for 

 pleasure and pain? A very difficult question to answer. 

 We cannot, I think, hope to know how much or how little 

 the invertebrates feel — to what degree they are psycho- 

 logically sensitive. Even among the higher vertebrates we 



