482 
MUSCLES OF THE HAND, 
straightened by others that lie along its back. These termi 
nate in long tendons, which are bound down at the wrist by 
a fibrous band that stretches between the bony projections or 
Fig. 228.—Muscies of THE PALM OF THE 
HAnp (SuperRFicrtaL LAYER) 
1, anterior annular ligament of the carpus; 
2, 2, extremities of the short abductor of 
the thumb, the intermediate body of the 
muscle having been removed; 3, opposing 
muscle of the thumb; 4, short flexor of 
the thumb; 5, adductor of the thumb; 6, 
lower border of the same muscle; 7, 7, 
lumbricales; 8, one of the tendons of the 
deep flexor of the fingers, passing-on to 
insert itself in the bone of the third pha- 
lanx, after perforating the tendon of the 
superficial flexor; 9, tendon of the long 
flexor of the thumb; 10, adductor of the 
little finger; 11, short flexor of the little 
finger; 12, pisiform bone; 13, first dorsal 
interosseous muscle. - 
either side, and is termed 
the annular (or ring-like 
ligament (fig. 228). The 
tendons then spread asunde1 
in the hand, and pass-on t 
be inserted into the bone: 
of the several fingers, being 
reinforced by a set of smal 
muscles that arise from the 
hand itself. 
642. When we consider 
the superior extremity 0! 
Man as a whole, we remark 
that the several levers which 
are joined end-to-end to form 
it, diminish progressively in 
length. Thus the arm is 
longer than the fore-arm 
the latter is longer than the 
wrist ; and each of the pha. 
langes is longer than the 
one which succeeds it. The 
purpose of this arrangement 
is very evident. The nume- 
rous joints, in the neighbour- 
hood of each other, which 
we see towards the extremity 
of the limb, permit its several 
portions to change their place 
in various ways, SO as to ac 
commodate themselves 
the form of the body whie 
it is desired to grasp ; whilst the long levers formed by the 
arm and fore-arm, allow the place of the entire hand to 
rapidly changed to a considerable extent. 
It is principall 
by the movements of the humerus upon the scapula, tha 
the direction of the limb is given; the bending or straight 
ening of the limb regulates its length; whilst the move 
