30 PEOGKESS IN OTHEE COUNTEIES 



and intermittent labour liable to crush the spirit or sap 

 the energy of the people. The physical conditions and 

 fundamental economy of the farms were apparently 

 good, and the field of labour all that could be desired 

 by the ardent propagandist of scientific methods, who 

 incidentally had behind him the industrial organisation 

 of the United States of America for the ready supply 

 of the fertilisers, improved implements and agri- 

 cultural machinery which he recommended. 



* Hawaii, Foemosa and Java. — The progress made 

 in these three islands has been selected as affording 

 an instructive example of rapid progress which was 

 secured by the Americans, Japanese and Dutch, 

 respectively, in tropical countries of great natural 

 fertility, which were little developed until they 

 assumed the rule. In each case the instruments of 

 progress were the same, namely, powerful joint-stock 

 companies which obtained control of the requisite 

 land, commanded the necessary capital, and provided 

 for any existing deficiency in the labour supply. In 

 each case the sugar industry was taken as the most 

 important line of advance, though in the case of 

 Hawaii pine-apples, in the case of Formosa tea and 

 camphor, and in the case of Java tea, rubber and 

 other minor articles of produce have played an im- 

 portant part in agricultural progress. 



Hawaii. — It was only in the middle of the nine- 

 teenth century that sugar-making on anything like 



* Information collected on the spot in Hawaii, Formosa and Java. 



