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OTHEK MANURES 101 



to forgo any sources of immediate gain, even if 

 the ultimate result can be shown to be profitable. 

 This leaves night-soil as the only practical substitute 

 for farm-yard manure which is profitable for dry 

 crops, and it is satisfactory to be able to record that 

 its results are extraordinarily marked on cotton and 

 jowari. A single heavy dressing of crude night-soil 

 will double the outturn of the crops for several years 

 in Khandesh, will increase it by 50 per cent, over a 

 period of ten years in Surat, and will double the 

 jowari crop in Dharwar and add materially, though 

 to a smaller extent, to the cotton crop. At present this 

 source of manure is available only near large towns, 

 and there is considerable reluctance on the part of 

 many cultivators to use it ; but if their fastidious 

 objections could be overcome and they could be in- 

 duced to conserve this substance as is done so ex- 

 tensively in China and Japan, the manurial problem 

 would be largely solved, and crop production would be 

 stimulated to an extent that is hardly appreciated. 

 Failing the use of substitutes on an adequate scale 

 the question of improving the quantity and quality of 

 farm-yard manure deserves careful attention. That 

 the quality can be greatly improved by correct methods 

 of conservation is shown by the fact that the nitrogen 

 contents of farm-yard manure bought from cultivators 

 was found by analysis to be only one-quarter that 

 of the manure prepared on the experimental farm at 

 Dharwar. If the quantity is to be increased, more 

 live stock must be kept ; and this brings us up against 



