IMPLEMENTS 111 



which he needs has already been indicated, and the 

 means whereby he is enabled to finance such pur- 

 chases will be mentioned in Chapter VII. All tbat 

 need be stated here is that his equipment is very 

 defective both as regards implements and as regards 

 fixtures such as sheds, cattle byres and fencing. 

 Improvement in all such matters is essential and will 

 take place slowly as conditions permit. The culti- 

 vator is aware of his deficiencies in this respect. 

 His capital is certainly short, but it is due at least as 

 much to defective organisation as to lack of capital 

 or credit that his equipment remains so poor. 



The question of live stock introduces more funda- 

 mental and more difficult problems which it is now 

 proposed to consider. In doing so the case of cattle * 

 only will be dealt with, since they are of much more 

 importance than all other kinds of live stock. In 

 Europe cattle are kept solely for profit and their 

 treatment is governed by this consideration. In India 

 they are the objects of religious veneration and 

 customary observance which set a limit to their uses 

 and modify their treatment. Some people are averse 

 to castrating bulls, others object to selling cows, and 

 no Hindu may use a cow for draught purposes or 

 countenance the slaughter of cattle. This naturally 

 reduces the profits of cattle-keeping. A bullock is 

 useful only for draught, a cow only for the purpose of 



* For full details of the conditions under which the cattle of the 

 Bombay Presidency are bred and fed, see Bulletin No. 85 of the 

 Bombay Agricultural Department. 



