VIOLET FAMILY 29 



circular to ovoid, broadly or narrowly winged, much flattened, more or less 

 notched at the top ; flowers in racemes ; leaves oblong to ovoid, sessile, en- 

 tire or toothed, often glaucous ; annual or perennial. 



1. Pods large, round, broadly winged; leaves coarse- 



ly toothed ; weed in waste places T. arvense 



2. Pods small or medium, slightly winged; leaves 



usually entire ; native from 5-14000 ft. T. alpestre 



VIOLACEAE VIOLET FAMILY 



Sepals 5, often unequal, petals 5, separate, irregular, the lower one 

 larger or spurred, stamens 5, ovary 1-celled, with 3 seed rows (placentae) 

 on the wall, stigma 1, fruit a capsule, splitting into three parts ; flowers soli- 

 tary or clustered; low stemless or stemmed herbs with simple entire to 

 parted leaves with stipules. 



1. Flowers large, 10-25 mm. long; petals of 2 



lengths, lower spurred VIOLA 



2. Flowers small, 4-6 mm. long ; petals of 3 lengths, 



lower merely swollen at base CALCEOLARIA 



VIOLA Linne 1753 VIOLET, PANSY 



(Lat. viola, violet) 



PI. 5, fig. 1-2. 



Sepals 5, petals 5, blue, purple, yellow, cream-color or white, some- 

 times with blue or purple veins or dots ; flowers solitary, rarely 2 ; leaves 

 lanceolate to ovate and round, sometimes deeply cut or parted, often all 

 basal ; perennial, rarely annual. 



1. Stemless, flower- and leaf-stalks arising from 



the base 



a. Flowers pale lilac to white; rootstock slender, 



creeping, bearing stolons 



(1) Petals pale lilac, rarely white, somewhat 



bearded V. palustris 



(2) Petals white, purple-veined, beardless V. bldnda 



b. Flowers blue to purple, rarely pale; rootstock 



thick, without stolons 



( 1 ) Leaves deeply parted into linear lobes V. pedatifida 



(2) Leaves merely wavy-toothed, heart-shaped V. obliqua 



2. Leafy-stemmed, leaves and flowers from a visible 



stem 



