MADDER FAMILY 237 



somewhat flattened, the ribs thread-like, oil-tubes solitary in the intervals 

 with a small one beneath each rib; flowers in compound umbels; lower 

 leaves sessile, deeply heart-shaped, stem-leaves mostly ternate; perennial. 

 Stems 2-3 ft. high; lower leaves 4-6 in. long; fruit 

 ovate, 3 mm. long Z. corddta 



RUBIALES MADDER ORDER 

 RUBIACEAE MADDER FAMILY 



Sepals 4, united into a tube grown to the ovary, petals 4, white, green- 

 ish or yellow, united into a saucer-shaped corolla, stamens usually 4, ovary 

 2-celled, ovule 1 in each cell, styles 2, fruit separating into 2 closed carpels ; 

 flowers in axillary or terminal cymes or panicles, usually perfect; annual 

 or perennial herbs with whorled, simple, mostly entire leaves. 



GALIUM Linne 1753 BEDSTRAW 



(Gr. gala, milk, which some species curdle) 



PL 35, fig. 8. 



Characters of the family. 



1. Flowers with stamens and pistils 

 a. Annual 



(1) Leaves usually 4 in a whorl; stems smooth G. bifolium 



(2) Leaves 6-8 in a whorl; stems rough-angled G. aparine 

 i>. Perennial 



(1) Stems erect; leaves 3-nerved; fruit white- 



hairy, often smooth G. boreal e 



(2) Stems weak; leaves 1 -nerved 



(a) Leaves sharp-pointed at tip, oval G. trifiorum 



(b) Leaves not sharp-pointed 



x. Fruit with hooked hairs G. trifidum 



y. Fruit without hooked hairs 



(x) Leaves obovate, 8-10 mm. long; 



fruit smooth G. Brandegei 



(y) Leaves lanceolate, 1-2 cm. long; 



fruit rough G. asperrimum 



2. Flowers with only stamens or pistils ; leaves 



linear G. coloradense 



CAPRIFOLIACEAE HONEYSUCKLE FAMILY 



Sepals 3-5, united and grown to the ovary, petals 5, united into a 

 saucer-shaped tubular corolla, often 2-lipped, stamens usually 5 on the tube 



