APPENDIX. THE TUBULAR BOILER. 495 



that was the only source at that period from which efficient 

 engines could be obtained. The Directors were fully alive to 

 the importance of inducing competition in this new kind of 

 manufacture. They offered every inducement with a view to 

 extending the field from which they could draw their supplies 

 of engines, and as soon as they could rely upon the quality of 

 the article supplied they distributed their orders indiscriminately 

 and impartially. Since the opening of the Liverpool and 

 Manchester Railway, works for the manufacture of engines have 

 gradually extended themselves into every part of Great Britain, 

 the continent of Europe, and the United States of America. 

 But the main object of my father in establishing the Newcastle 

 Works was to educate a class of workmen in skilled labour, 

 who should be able to execute the many ideas which presented 

 themselves to his inventive and practical mind. 



" After the opening of the Stockton and Darlington, and before 

 that of the Liverpool and Manchester, my father directed his 

 attention to various methods of increasing the evaporative power 

 of tlie boiler of the locomotive engine. Amongst other attempts 

 he introduced tubes (as had been done before in other engines) 

 small tubes, containing water, by which the heating surface 

 was materially increased. Two engines with such tubes were 

 constructed for the St. Etienne Railway in France, which was 

 in process of construction in the year 1828 ; but the expedient 

 was not successful the tubes became furred with deposit and 

 burned out. 



" Oflier engines with boilers of a variety of construction were 

 made, all having in view the increase of the heating surface, as 

 it then became obvious to my father that the speed of the 

 engine could not be increased without increasing the evaporative 

 power of the boiler. Increase of surface w r as in some cases 

 obtained by inserting two tubes, each containing a separate fire, 

 into the boiler ; in other cases, the same result was obtained by 

 returning the same tube through the boiler, but it was not until 

 my father was engaged in making some experiments during the 

 progress of the Liverpool and Manchester Railway in con- 

 junction with Mr. Henry Booth, the well known secretary of 

 that line, that any great movement in this direction was effected, 

 and that the present multitubular boiler assumed a practicable 

 shape. It was in conjunction with Mr. Booth that my father 

 constructed the " Rocket " engine which obtained the prize at 



