926 



Canadian Forestry Journal, January, 1917 



and also underplanted on land which 

 has been logged over. The planta- 

 tions are doing very well — the loss 

 in Norway Spruce being less than one 

 per cent, and all of the plantations 

 are now beginning to show up in first 

 class shape. A visit was also paid 

 to a lumbering operation on land 

 which had been heavily cut over for 

 soft wood, the remaining stand con- 

 sisting of large Hemlock and hard 

 wood, mostly White and Yellow Birch, 

 and Maple, and small Spruce, Balsam 

 and Cedar. Practically all of the 

 hardwood has been removed so as to 

 give an opportunity for the soft wood 

 reproduction to take place, and, where 

 this has failed, planting operations 

 will be begun next Spring. Fire lines 

 have been cut, and all the brush cut 

 from them, and in cases operations 

 have been burnt, and this has left 

 the ground in good shape, and is a 

 good example of what can be done 

 along these lines. Mr. Campbell ex- 

 pressed himself as well pleased with 

 the Laurentide Company's opera- 

 tions. 



Wood Wharves vs. Concrete. 



The Port Commission of Seattle, 

 Wash., of which J. R. West is chief 

 engineer, in answer to criticism on 



the use of timber and pile construc- 

 tion in the Seattle wharves, has re- 

 plied that wharves and freight sheds 

 such as have been built by the port 

 will have a life of probably from 20 

 to 25 years, which is also about the 

 economically useful life of such a 

 structure. 



The Commission adds that condi- 

 tions of water transportation are con- 

 stantly changing, and this will render 

 terminal structures obsolete after a 

 certain number of years, this period 

 being on the average about 25 years. 



It has not been demonstrated that 

 concrete made of Portland cement is 

 permanent in salt water. If it does 

 not prove to be permanent, then the 

 added cost is not in any way justi- 

 fied, and if it does prove permanent 

 then the physical life of a wharf would 

 exceed its useful life, which is not 

 economical. 



Another argument in favor of the 

 cheaper creosoted pile and timber 

 construction which is particularly 

 true of Seattle, says the Commission, 

 is that a given amount of money can 

 be made to produce more terminal 

 facilities to invite new business than 

 could be provided if the more ex- 

 pensive type of construction had been 

 adopted. 



Keep Woodlots Clear of Animals 



One of the most important steps 

 to be taken in the care of the woodlot 

 is its protection from fire and ani- 

 mals. Fire should never be allowed 

 to run through it, for not only does 

 this destroy seedling trees and injure 

 large ones, but it also destroys the 

 litter and vegetable matter on the 

 ground and leaves the soil exposed 

 to the drying influence of the sun 

 and wind. 



Pasturing animals in the woodlot 

 is a great hindrance to the proper 

 development. Cattle, in addition to 

 eating off the tops of small trees, 

 destroy the undergrowth and thus 



allow the sun to act on the soil and 

 grass and weeds to establish them- 

 selves. The result is the larger trees 

 begin to slowly die at the top and 

 decay sets in. 



In woodlots that have in the past 

 been neglected and now contain many 

 more or less open and grassy spots 

 it may be advisable to pasture hogs 

 for a time in the fall. These animals 

 by rooting about stir up the soil and 

 put it in good condition to receive 

 the seeds when they fall from the 

 trees and thus a new growth of young 

 trees is started. — B. R. Morton, 

 B. Sc. F. 



