Sweden. 



ii 



of sea. Most of the southern species came over the dry land where 

 the Baltic now flows, and the more northern species, such as the 

 glutton, arctic fox, reindeer, flying squirrel, and some others, came 

 from the tracts lying on the north-east of the Bothnia. Be this as 

 it may, each species seems to be pretty well confined to the limit 

 assigned to it, and only makes occasional migrations to other 

 districts, guided by an instinct which it baffles man's ingenuity to 

 account for. 



Not so, however, with the ornithology of the north. The migra- 

 tions of the feathered race are much more regular and certain j but 

 it may be remarked that many individuals of the different families 

 which, as a general rule, are only summer migrants to the north of 

 the country, remain stationary in the south of Sweden during the 

 winter, especially if the weather is open ; and many ducks (although 

 the majority leave the country) are to be seen off the southern 

 coast, and even on the midland open waters during that season. 

 Some other species are only partial migrants in the winter from the 

 northern and midland districts to the south of the country, where 

 they remain during the coldest season, and return to their more 

 northerly breeding haunts in the spring. Among these we may 

 mention the hooded crow, an occasional hawk, the jackdaw, 

 nuthatch, mealy redpole, greenfinch, siskin, goldfinch, mountain 

 linnet, chaffinch, purple sandpiper, spotted crake, dabchick, and one 

 or other of the diving ducks and gulls. 



The few that are to be met with in the north and middle of the 

 country throughout the whole winter are the eagles, Iceland 

 falcons, goshawk, all the owls peculiar to the country (with the 

 exception of the short-eared owl), the raven, magpie, all the wood- 

 peckers except the Picus medius, which is confined at all seasons 

 to the south of the country j the crossbills, pine grosbeak, jay, 

 Siberian jay, the waxwing, titmice, yellow bunting, sparrow, bull- 

 finch, occasional flocks of redwing and fieldfare, and a diving duck 

 or two, if there is any open water j and we may notice three others, 

 whose slender frames appear but ill-fitted to withstand the rigours 

 of a northern winter, but which I have seen in the Wermland 



