PRIMITIVE MAN. 365 



stitutes a new type; and if this consideration were 

 properly weighed, I believe it would induce zoolo- 

 gists, notwithstanding the proverbial humility of the 

 true man of science, to consider themselves much 

 more widely separated from the brutes than even by 

 the ordinal distinction above referred to. I would 

 state this view of the matter thus : It is in the 

 lower animals a law that the bodily frame is provided 

 with all necessary means of defence and attack, and 

 with all necessary protection against external influ- 

 ences and assailants. In a very few cases, we have 

 partial exceptions to this. A hermit-crab, for in- 

 stance, has the hinder part of its body unprotected; 

 and has, instead of armour, the instinct of using the 

 cast-off shells of molluscs; yet even this animal has 

 the usual strong claws of a crustacean, for defence 

 in front. There are only a very few animals in which 

 instinct thus takes the place of physical contrivances 

 for defence or attack, and in these we find merely 

 the usual unvarying instincts of the irrational animal. 

 But in man, that which is the rare exception in all 

 other animals, becomes the rule. He has no means 

 of escape from danger, compared with those enjoyed 

 by other animals no defensive armour, no natural 

 protection from cold or heat, no effective weapons 

 for attacking other animals. These disabilities would 

 make him the most helpless of creatures, especially 

 when taken in connection with his slow growth and 

 long immaturity. His safety and his dominion over 

 other animals, are secured bv entirely new means, 



