APPENDIX. 401 



the writer, Dawkins and other British geologists have not 

 answered in accordance with geological facts, and a mis- 

 understanding as to which may lead to serious error. 

 This will be best understood by presenting the arrange- 

 ment adopted by Dawkins with a few explanatory notes, 

 and then pointing out its defects. The following may be 

 stated to be his classification of the later Tertiary : 



I. PLEISTOCENE PEBIOD : the fourth epoch of the Tertiary, in 

 which living species of mammals are more abundant than the extinct, 

 and man appears. It may be divided into 



(a) Early Pleistocene, in which the European land was more 

 elevated and extensive than at present (First Continental Period of 

 Lyell), and in which Europe was colonized by animals suitable to a 

 temperate climate. No good evidence of the presence of man. 



(b) Mid Pleistocene. In this period there was a great extension 

 of cold climate and glaciers over Europe, and mammals of arctic 

 species began to replace those previously existing. There was also a 

 great subsidence of the land, finally reducing Europe to a group of 

 islands in a cold sea, often ice-laden. Two flint flakes found in brick 

 earth at Crayford and Erith, in England, are the only known evidences 

 of man at this period. 



(c) Late Pleistocene. The land was again elevated, so that Great 

 Britain and Ireland were united to each other and to the continent 

 (Second Continental Period of Lyell). The ice and cold diminished. 

 Modern land animals largely predominate, though there are several 

 species now extinct. Undoubted evidences of man of the so-called 

 " Paleolithic race," " Kiverdrift and Cave men," " Men of the Mam- 

 moth and Reindeer periods." 



II. PRE-HISTOEIC PERIOD : in which domestic animals and cultivated 

 fruits appear ; the land of Europe shrinks to its present dimensions. 

 Man abounds, and is similar to races still extant in Europe. Men of 

 " Neolithic age," " Bronze age," " Pre-historic Iron age." 



III. HISTORIC PERIOD : in which events are recorded in history. 



I have given this classification fully, in order to point 

 out in the first place certain serious defects in its latter 

 portion, and in the second place what it actually shows as 

 to the appearance of man in Europe. 



In point of logical arrangement, and especially of geo- 

 'ogiral clasbificatioii, the two last periods are decidedly 



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