22 HANDBOOK OF THE TURF. 



Arm. The humerus or true arm consists of a single 

 bone situated between the scapula or shoulder-joint and the 

 bone of the forearm or elbow joint, in an oblique direction 

 downward and backwards. 



Ann-cutting". An injury to the forearm which fre- 

 quently takes place in consequence of excessive knee action, 

 upright jDasterns, and a lofty carriage of the head, especially in 

 cases where the horse has sufficient speed to trot quarters in 

 thirty-five seconds. 



Arrears. That which is behind in payment. By the 

 rules of the American Turf Congress, arrears include all sums 

 due for entrance money, subscriptions, stakes, forfeits, fines, 

 purchase money in races w^ith selling conditions, and any 

 default incident to the rules. A horse cannot become a starter 

 in any race until all arrears of whatever nature have been 

 duly paid. 



Articulation. A word meaning the act of putting 

 together so as to form a joint or joints; the junction of bones. 

 A term much used in veterinary language for a union of two 

 bones ; a joint. 



Artificial Oaits. The acquired gaits of the horse, as 

 distinguished from the natural gaits. They are : the amble or 

 pace, broken amble, running walk or fox-trot, racing gallop, 

 and their various modifications. 



Artist of the Pigskin. A jockey. 



Ascot Heath. Seat of the Ascot races, Winkfield, 



Berks, England, six miles from Winsor, which were begun by 



the Duke of Cumberland, uncle to George III., about 1727. 



It was here that the first recorded "bonus of £1000 was added to a stake, 

 to wit, the Alexandra Plate, a race of three miles for four-year-olds 

 and upwards, which was inaugurated by the success of the cele- 

 brated mare Fille de I'Air, the proi)erty of Count de Lagrange. 

 Since that time the wealtii and the liberality of the Eoyal meeting 

 liave increased 7>a/'i 2>«^ss/t, till in these days so great is the value of 

 the prizes, so great the prestige which attaches, to the winning 

 thereof, that all which is most excellent in liorseliesh, most 

 ambitious in ownership, is annually attracted to that favored spot. 

 The Badminton Library : Racing, The Earl of Suffolk and Berkshire. 



Assistant Starter. Under the American racing rules 

 the starter, with the approval of the officers of the course, may 

 appoint assistant starters, but should they strike a horse at the 

 post, or use ungentlemanly language towards the jockeys, the 

 judges have power to impose a fine. 



Asterisk. (*) The asterisk or star, in the American 

 Trotting Register, denotes that the performances were made 

 against time, to distinguish them from race records. In Ches- 

 ter's Trotting and Pacing Record it denotes that the time made 

 was over a short track, and is a bar, not a record. 



