86 HA.KDBOOK OF THE TURF. 



Ev'Olutioii of the Trotter. If evolution may be 

 regarded as " the process of evolving or becoming developed, 

 an unfolding or a growth," the word may not inaptly be used 

 to express the development of the American trotter during the 

 past half century. The accompanying table, compiled from 

 the most accurate sources, will show at a glance the successive 

 stao-es in this evolution of the 2:30 trotter : 



by a horse 

 race. 



Expulsion. By the trotting law expulsion is construed 

 to mean " unconditional exclusion and disqualification from 

 any participation, either directly or indirectly, in the privileges 

 and uses of the course and grounds of a member." It may be 

 imposed for attempting to make fraudulent entries ; allowing 

 use of a member's track by an expelled person or horse ; refusing 

 to afford information ; tampering with a horse ; pulling ; help- 

 ing; breech of decorum or other just cause. All persons 

 expelled for fraud from the trotting turf, stand, also, as expelled 

 by all tracks under control of the Turf, or Racing Congress. 



Extend. When a horse is put to his speed, and opens 

 out f reelj , he is said to extend. Explained by the quotations : 



" AVell bootefl, the liorse is not afraid of hitting himself when extended 



or put to liis speed." 

 " Soiueliorses will not extend themselves unless the rider has spurs on." 

 The complaint that a liorse "can't extend himself" generally applies 



to a horse that can trot in about three minutes.— Wallace's Monthly. 



Extension. A term commonly applied to all muscles 

 whose action is to enlarge the angles and by so doing elongate 

 the limbs — but their extension may be forward when the foot 

 is in the air, or backward when the foot is on the ground. 



Extreme Speed. The utmost limit of a horse's endur- 

 ance at motion ; the greatest effort of which a horse is capable. 

 The extreme speed of the trotter previous to 1820 was at 2:50 

 to the mile in harness. In 1829, Topgallant went three miles 

 in 8:11; in 1834, the gelding, Edwin Forrest went a mile 

 under saddle in 2:31^; in 1839, Drover paced a mile in 2:28; 

 in ISU, Lady Suffolk trotted under saddle in 2:26^; in 1844, 

 Unknown paced to wagon in 2:23. In the next decade (1854), 

 Flora Temple trotted in 2:19f , and in the same decade the mar- 



