HAKDBOOK OF THE TURF. 173 



ones are being advanced. In the trot the off fore foot and the 

 near hind foot strike and leave the ground exactly together, 

 followed by the near fore and off hind foot. In the can- 

 ter the horse gallops on one foot, fore or hind, while trotting 

 with the others. 



Navicular. The small or lower sesamoid bone, situated 

 between and behind, or at the back of, the distal phalangeal 

 articulation of the foot; or between the coronary and coffin 

 bones. It is related to the great development of these bones, 

 and to increasing the mechanical advantage of the flexor ten- 

 don which passes over it. Navicular disease is an ulceration of 

 the lower surface of this bone, its synovial sac and ligaments, 

 and the flexor tendon which plays over it. It is an unsoundness. 



Near-side. The near side of the horse is the left side, 

 or that which is approached to mount or handle ; as the off- 

 side is the right side. The distinguishing parts are : Near fore 

 leg ; off hind leg ; off ear ; near eye, etc. 



Neck. That part extending from the poll to the wdthers 

 along its upper border, and from the throat to a point some- 

 what above the anterior point of the breast-bone on the lower 

 border, or line. These general forms are recognized among 

 horsemen, viz : The straight neck ; clean-cut neck ; ewe 

 neck; bull neck, and peacock neck. 1. The straight neck is 

 one in W'hich both the lower and upper boundaries, or lines, 

 are practically straiglit, tapering gradually from the chest to 

 the throat. 2. The clean cut neck is best described as the 

 neck of the thoroughbred horse. 3. The ewe neck is described 

 as one " put on wrong side up." In other w^ords, it is one, the 

 upper line of which is concave instead of convex, while the 

 under line bulges out more or less in an ungraceful way. 

 4. The bull neck is thick, short and heavy. 5. The peacock 

 neck is one in w^hich the crest is unduly arched, prominent 

 and elevated. When not too pronounced it gives the horse 

 a showy appearance. 



In the clean-cut neck the muscles and other i>arts stand boldly out, 

 the crest is prominent and whipcordy, or wiry, the sides are 

 marlied by hard muscles, the lower border, including the wind- 

 pipe, stands out perceptibly, leaving a prominent groove, the jug- 

 ular gutter, between it and the neck above, gracefully iucurvated 

 near the throat, and attached to the head in a manner that 

 leaves a line of demarcation between the leaving off of the head 

 and the beginning of the neck, doing away with tlie appearance of 

 a plastered-on head. Tlie ]>osterior part usually terminates per- 

 ceptibly just in front of the withers, so that one can tell where the 

 neck leaves off and the withers begin— a point that is not always 

 easy to determine.— E. A. A. Cirange, V. S., Michigan State College 

 Experiment Station. 



Needle. A hypodermic syringe used for making injec- 

 tions under the skin ; a trocar. Injections of cocaine are made 



