HANDBOOK or THE TUEF. 189 



Penalties. Added weight. As an illustration, take 

 the following- example : " Purse of .|500, of which -11570 to 

 second and IfoO to third. For three-year-olds ; winners of two 

 races to carry five pounds extra; those that have not won a 

 race allowed seven pounds. One mile." In all races exclu- 

 sively for three-year-olds, the weight is 122 pounds. Now, if 

 a horse was entered that had won two races, it would be 

 obliged to carry 127 pounds; or, in other words, would carry 

 a five pound penalty. Hence, a penalty is an added weight 

 to the better horse. Penalties are invariably obligatory, but 

 are not cumulative unless so declared by the conditions of a 

 race. 



Performance. That which is accomplished ; as a heat, 

 or race ; any contest on a i ace course or track, between horses, 

 or singly, for a prize or against time. 



Performance Against Time. A performance in 

 which a horse starts to equal or beat a specified time ; now 

 regulated by rules of the National and American trotting asso- 

 ciations. Performances against time are marked with a star, 

 (*), in the Trotting Register, to distinguish them from records 

 obtained in a race. See Against Time. 



Periplantar. The Charlier method of shoeing, by 

 which the sole, frog and bars of the foot are left untouched by 

 the knife ; the toe and front quarters of the crust, or wall of 

 the hoof, is beveled into a groove, or recess, into which the 

 thin plate of steel, or shoe, is fitted. Its object is to take the 

 place of the perishable horn forming the circumference of the 

 foot, and which is being constantly worn and broken away, 

 replace it by a more durable material, and leave the parts of 

 the foot to perform their natural functions unimpaired. See 

 Charlier Shoe. 



Phalanges. The digital bones of the hand or foot 

 beyond the metacarpus or metatarsus. The knee of the horse 

 corresponds to the back of the wrist of man, and everything 

 below it corresponds to the hand proper. The phalanges of 

 the horse's foot are connected by hinge joints, allowing only 

 motions of bending backwards and forwards ; viz : The large 

 pastern, small pastern, and coffin-bone. 



Phenomenal Trotting". Remarkable ; unusual. The 

 extreme speed attained during the decade, 1882 to 1893, the 

 rapid and marvellous reducing of the trotting records, and the 

 fast time made by individual animals, have been phenomenal 

 — hence the term is one that has obtained recognized currency 

 in turf language. 



