230 HAN^DBOOK OF THE TURF. 



enteen ounce bar shoe. Smuggler, 2:15|, 1874-1876, wore, 

 at one time, two-pound shoes on each front foot; and it is 

 said that the little mare Lula, 2:15, 1875, carried a shoe of 

 even greater weight. In 1889 the shoes of Axtell, 2:12, 

 weighed five ounces in front and three ounces behind. Shoes 

 of reasonable weight are those of from eight to twelve ounces, 

 although the range of weight in 1893 would be eight ounces 

 forward, and from five to six ounces behind, nailed with four 

 nails on the outside, and three nails on the inside. Aluminum 

 is now much used for horseshoes. It is a metal of silver-white 

 color, about as hard as zinc, very malleable and ductile, and 

 very light. Horseshoes are made in a great variety of styles ; 

 but the old, standard, plain shoe with beveled edges, bar or 

 open heel, has always been, and, without doubt, will always 

 be, the most in use, and the best suited to the greatest number 

 of horses. From the records of the United States patent 

 ofiice down to the close of the year 1893, it appears that in 

 Class Xo. 168, sub-class No. 6, Farriery, four hundred and 

 thirty-five patents had been granted on horseshoes alone. The 

 parts of the shoe are : The toe ; the two heels ; the quarters 

 between the toe and the heels ; the calks, or projections from 

 the lower part of each heel ; the toe calk ; the clip, a sort of 

 claw, usually at the upper edge of the toe, for protecting the 

 hoof and assisting in keeping the shoe in place ; the fullering, 

 or crease in the lower face, in which the nail holes are punched ; 

 the bar, which is the entire body of the shoe. The following 

 principles should govern the shape of the shoe and the art of 

 shoeing: 1. The foot surface of the shoe should be flat, so 

 that the outer portion of the sole may aid the wall in bearing 

 weight; 2, in order that the frog may bear weight, the shoe 

 should, generally, be as thin as possible consistent with its 

 standing wear and retaining its shape ; 3, the shoe should, as a 

 rule, be of uniform thickness at the toes, quarters and heels, 

 so that the proper bearing of the foot be not disturbed ; 4, the 

 shape of the foot surface should follow the general form of the 

 weight-bearing surfaces of the wall and sole ; 5, the heels of 

 the shoe, on their foot surface, should be perfectly flat, or 

 sloping slightly outward, to prevent the tendency to contract ; 

 6, shoes should project slightly beyond the ends of the heels, 

 (without risk of the fore-shoe getting caught by the hind-shoe), 

 so that the heels of the shoe may rest on the solid pieces of 

 horn that are found immediately behind the angle formed by 

 the wall and bar ; 7, the ground surface of the shoe should be 

 beveled, to increase the foothold of the horse, and also to les- 

 sen the weight of the metal employed. These are the generally 



