HAi^^DBOOK OF THE TURF. 267 



placed on the foot like a shoe, and tapered or feathered to a 

 point to keep tlie hoof as level as possible. Subsequently the 

 tip was made of nearly a uniform thickness, having a quarter 

 of an inch of metal filed square. A shoulder was cut in the 

 wall, and so much of the sole as the width of the web required, 

 and all back of the shoulder was left full and rounded with a 

 file to protect the edge. 



I have given tips a vei*y fair trial, and have found that at least on our 

 gravelly soil they fail to sufficiently i>roteet the feet of horses in 

 training. On a suit, soil for jogging, "for a horse not in hard training 

 or for a horse with contracted heels, they are excellent, but are 

 inadequate protection as a rule, in the wear and tear of constant 

 track-work. — Training the Trotting Horse, Charles Marvin. 



As a rule a liorse that is short in the pasterns wears away the toes very 

 quickly, and such a horse can wear tips successfully. On ihe other 

 hand a horse long in the pasterns wears the heels rapidly and on 

 such a horse tips will not prove of service.— Scientific Horseshoeing, 

 William Russell. 



I believe if our trotting tracks were not quite so hard there are a great 

 many horses that would go better if shod in tips. I have watched 

 tliis matter at every opportunity which i^resented itself to me, 

 have tried tips on a number of horses, and am satisfied that for a 

 horse to go well in them the track must be especially prepared. — 

 Life with the Trotters, John Splan. 



Tipster. An informer on a race ; a tout. 



Tipsters are almost all swindlers.— The Badminton Library: Racing, 

 The Earl of Suffolk and Berkshire, and W. G. Craven. 



Tire. The hoop or rim of iron used to bind or hold the 

 felloe or fellies of wheels to secure them from wearing or 

 breaking — referring particularly to the old style high-wheel 

 sulky, or carriage wheel. Sulky tires, formerly invariably of 

 iron, are now almost invariably of rubber, hence the tire is not 

 used to hold the felloe together, as the felloe is made of steel or 

 wood in one continuous section. These rubber tires are made 

 in various patterns, all on the pneumatic principle differing 

 much in details of construction. Some are formed in a single 

 compound tube ; others are made in two parts, having an outer 

 and an inner tube, the latter being the air receptacle. Some 

 tires are laced ; some are ribbed or corrugated, lengthwise, on 

 the outer surface ; some formed entirely whole ; some are 

 cemented to the felloe, others are attached without cement, so 

 as to be easily removed. By a laced tire is meant that the 

 outer tube or cover is laced in one or more places, very simi- 

 larly to the way a shoe is laced ; the cause for this being that 

 it leaves an opening by which the inner tube may be removed 

 in case of necessity for repairing or replacing the tube. When 

 a pneumatic tire has been some time used and has become flat 

 or soft, it is said to be "deflated." See Rubber Tire; Pneu- 

 matic Tire. 



To Break the .Record. When a. horse makes faster or 

 lower time in a class than that which has been made; or 



